6,052 articles
Standard normal table
The standard normal table, commonly called the z-table, lists areas under the standard normal curve for z-scores, letting one table serve normal distributions of any mean and standard deviation.
Standard normal variate
Standard normal variate (SNV) is a row-wise normalization method for spectroscopic data, devised by Barnes, Dhanoa, and Lister in 1989 to correct multiplicative scatter in near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra.
Standard Occupational Classification
The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) is the United States federal system for classifying workers into occupational categories, directed by the Office of Management and Budget since the 1970s.
Standard probability space
A standard probability space, also known as a Lebesgue-Rokhlin space, is the completion of a standard Borel space with a probability measure, a setting where regular conditional probabilities exist.
Standard score
A standard score, commonly called a z-score, expresses how far an observation lies from its distribution's mean, measured in standard deviations, with values typically between −3 and 3.
Standard translation
The standard translation is a translation in modal logic that rewrites propositional modal formulas as first-order logic formulas, turning modal operators into quantifiers over possible worlds.
Star (graph theory)
In graph theory, a star is a tree with one central vertex joined to every other vertex and no other edges, also called a claw, and it models hub-and-spoke networks.
Star polygon
A star polygon is a regular, self-intersecting polygon, written {p/q}, formed by connecting every qth of p equally spaced points on a circle, with q called its density.
Star-free language
A star-free language, also called a regular non-counting language, is a regular language definable by a regular expression with Boolean operations and concatenation but no Kleene star.
Star-free languages and first-order logic on words
Star-free languages are the regular languages definable by regular expressions using union, concatenation, and complement but no Kleene star, characterized equivalently by aperiodic monoids and by first-order logic on words.
Stark–Heegner theorem
The Stark–Heegner theorem, also called the Baker–Heegner–Stark theorem, states that exactly nine imaginary quadratic fields have class number one; Heegner proved it in 1952, and Baker and Stark independently in 1966 and 1967.
Stars and bars (combinatorics)
Stars and bars is a counting technique in combinatorics that determines the number of ways to place n indistinguishable objects into k distinguishable bins, yielding the binomial coefficient of n + k − 1 choose n.
State diagram
A state diagram, also called a statechart or state transition diagram, is a directed graph representing a system's states, transitions, and the events that trigger them.
State-space representation
State-space representation, also called a state-space model, is a mathematical model of a dynamical system that replaces one high-order differential equation with coupled first-order equations in matrix form.
Statement (logic)
A statement in logic is a declarative sentence, or part of one, that is capable of being true or false, and the basic unit of propositional logic.
Stationary distribution (Markov chain)
A stationary distribution of a Markov chain is a probability distribution over states that the transition rule leaves unchanged, the equilibrium the chain settles toward in the long run.
Stationary phase approximation
The stationary phase approximation is an asymptotic method for evaluating integrals of rapidly oscillating functions, where oscillations cancel except near points where the phase's derivative vanishes, such as gravitational-wave modeling.
Stationary point
A stationary point of a differentiable function, also called a critical point, is a point where the derivative is zero and the tangent is horizontal.
Stationary process
A stationary process, also called a stationary stochastic process, is a stochastic process whose joint distributions are unchanged by shifts in time, with strict and weak forms distinguished.
Stationary set
A stationary set is a subset of a limit ordinal that meets every closed unbounded (club) subset of that ordinal, the standard notion of largeness in set theory.
Statistic
A statistic, also known as a sample statistic, is a number computed from a sample, such as the sample mean, used to describe or draw conclusions about a population.
Statistica
Statistica is a commercial statistics, data mining, and analytics software package developed by StatSoft of Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning in the mid-1980s and now sold as Spotfire Statistica under TIBCO.
Statistical disclosure control
Statistical disclosure control, also known as disclosure avoidance, is the set of methods statistical agencies use to keep published statistics from revealing information about individuals or businesses.
Statistical dispersion
Statistical dispersion, also called statistical variability or spread, is the degree to which values of a variable or probability distribution differ, measured by variance, standard deviation, range, and interquartile range.
Statistical distance
A statistical distance is a quantity measuring how different two probability distributions, or a distribution and a model, are, underlying hypothesis testing, model selection, and minimum-distance estimation.
Statistical Distributions (book)
Statistical Distributions is a Wiley quick-reference handbook of formulas, properties, and tables for the probability distributions most often met in applied statistics, first published in 1975 and now in its fourth edition.
Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test, also called a significance test, is a procedure for deciding whether sample data are inconsistent with a stated hypothesis, built around a null hypothesis.
Statistical hypothesis testing
Statistical hypothesis testing is a method for deciding whether observed data are consistent with a null hypothesis, by computing a test statistic and reporting a p-value or a reject decision.
Statistical inference
Statistical inference, also called inferential statistics or statistical induction, draws conclusions about a population from sample data, spanning point estimation, confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing.
Statistical matching
Statistical matching, also called data fusion or data combination, integrates samples sharing no units, letting variables never jointly observed be analyzed, often under a conditional independence assumption.