6,052 articles
Hill differential equation
The Hill differential equation is a second-order linear differential equation with a periodic coefficient, introduced by George William Hill in 1878 to study the Moon's motion.
Hille–Yosida theorem
The Hille–Yosida theorem, proved independently by Einar Hille and Kôsaku Yosida in the late 1940s, characterizes which linear operators generate strongly continuous one-parameter semigroups on a Banach space.
Hindley–Milner type system
The Hindley–Milner type system, also known as Hindley–Milner type inference, is a polymorphic type system for the lambda calculus, the foundation of type inference in ML, OCaml, and Haskell.
Hippasus (ππασος)
Hippasus of Metapontum was an early Pythagorean philosopher active in the first half of the fifth century BCE, known for music theory and legends of a divulged secret.
Hippopotamus optimization
Hippopotamus optimization, also known as the hippopotamus optimization algorithm, is a nature-inspired metaheuristic that mimics hippopotamus behaviors to solve continuous optimization problems, introduced by Mohammad Hussein Amiri and colleagues in Scientific Reports in 2024.
Histogram
A histogram is a graphical summary of a single quantitative variable's distribution: the data range is split into intervals called bins, with each bin's count shown as a bar.
History of algebra
The history of algebra traces techniques for finding unknown quantities, from Babylonian tablets around 1800 BC through al-Khwarizmi, who gave the subject its name, to the abstract structures of the twentieth century.
History of calculus
The history of calculus, also called the history of infinitesimal calculus, follows how differentiation and integration developed from Archimedes and 14th-century Kerala to independent invention by Newton and Leibniz and 19th-century rigor on limits.
History of causal inference
The history of causal inference traces three traditions that developed separately, Neyman's 1923 potential outcomes, econometrics, and Pearl's 1990s graphical models, before converging into complementary frameworks.
History of combinatorics
The history of combinatorics traces counting methods from Piṅgala's Sanskrit prosody around 200 BCE to their rise as an independent branch of mathematics in the twentieth century.
History of geometry
The history of geometry spans practical land measurement in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, Euclid's Elements around 300 BC, and the non-Euclidean geometries of the 19th century.
History of homological algebra
The history of homological algebra traces the study of homology and cohomology from Hilbert's 1890 syzygy theorem to Cartan and Eilenberg's founding 1956 treatise and Grothendieck's 1957 abelian categories.
History of Kac–Moody algebra theory
The history of Kac–Moody algebra theory traces the infinite-dimensional Lie algebras defined independently by Victor Kac and Robert Moody in 1967–68, through Macdonald's identities and physics applications.
History of mathematics
The history of mathematics is the record of how counting, measurement, calculation, and proof developed, from prehistoric notched bones through Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, India, China, the Islamic world, and Europe to the modern era.
History of matroid theory
The history of matroid theory covers its founding in Hassler Whitney's 1935 paper, its slow early reception, Tutte's 1958 excluded-minor theorems, and its 1960s revival in optimization.
History of non-associative algebra
The history of non-associative algebra traces algebraic systems where multiplication need not associate, beginning with Hamilton's 1843 quaternions and Graves's octonions and maturing through Hurwitz's 1898 theorem and Zel'manov's 1983 classification.
History of quaternions
The history of quaternions begins with William Rowan Hamilton's 1843 discovery of a four-dimensional number system whose multiplication does not commute, carved into a Dublin bridge.
History of real and complex numbers
The history of real and complex numbers traces how complex numbers were used centuries before their definition, while real numbers got rigorous foundations only in the 1800s.
History of statistics
The history of statistics, the science of drawing inference from data, runs from seventeenth-century state inventories and Graunt's 1662 mortality counts through least squares, Bayes' rule, and Fisher's inference theory.
History of the Church–Turing thesis
The history of the Church–Turing thesis traces the idea that every effectively calculable function is computable, from Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem to the independent 1936 proposals of Alonzo Church and Alan Turing.
History of the classification of finite simple groups
The history of the classification of finite simple groups traces the effort from Galois's concept to the 2004 completion of a proof spanning over 10,000 pages.
History of trigonometry
The history of trigonometry follows the development of the field from Greek chord tables by Hipparchus and Ptolemy, through the Indian sine tradition and al-Tusi's systematization of all six functions, to European treatises and logarithms.
History of type theory
The history of type theory runs from Russell's 1908 ramified response to the set-theoretic paradoxes, through Church's simply typed lambda calculus of 1940, to modern proof assistants.
Hitting time
In mathematics and physics, a hitting time, or first-passage time, is the first time a stochastic process reaches a specified state or crosses a threshold.
Hoare logic
Hoare logic, also known as Floyd–Hoare logic, is a formal system for reasoning about the correctness of imperative programs, introduced by Tony Hoare in 1969.
Hobby–Rice theorem
The Hobby–Rice theorem is a 1965 result in analysis stating that finitely many measures on an interval can be simultaneously halved using signed pieces, key to L1 approximation.
Hochschild homology and cohomology
Hochschild homology and cohomology are pairs of derived-functor invariants of associative algebras, introduced by Gerhard Hochschild in 1945 and now extended to categories, schemes, and spectra.
Hodge conjecture
The Hodge conjecture is an unsolved problem in algebraic geometry, posed by W. V. D. Hodge in 1950 and one of the Clay Millennium Prize Problems.
Hodge structure
A Hodge structure is an algebraic structure on a real or rational vector space recording a decomposition into (p, q) pieces, introduced by W. V. D. Hodge.
Hodge theory
Hodge theory is the branch of mathematics that studies the topology of manifolds through harmonic differential forms, created by W. V. D. Hodge in the 1930s.