6,052 articles
Interaction testing (statistics)
Interaction testing in statistics determines whether the effect of one variable on an outcome depends on the level of another, usually via a product term in regression.
Interactive proof system
An interactive proof system is a protocol in which a computationally limited verifier checks a mathematical statement via randomized back-and-forth messages with an all-powerful prover.
Intercept cross-lagged panel model
The intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) is a structural equation model proposed by Hamaker, Kuiper, and Grasman in 2015 that separates stable between-person differences from within-person lagged effects.
Interim analysis
An interim analysis is a pre-planned assessment of outcome data collected so far in a clinical trial, used for safety, efficacy, or futility, typically under group sequential designs.
Interior algebra
An interior algebra, also known as a closure algebra or topo-boolean algebra, is a Boolean algebra with an interior operator; McKinsey and Tarski introduced the structure in 1944.
Interior-point method
The interior-point method, or interior-point algorithm, is an optimization method that solves constrained problems by traveling through the feasible region's interior, made practical by Karmarkar's 1984 algorithm.
Intermediate growth
Intermediate growth is the property of a finitely generated group growing faster than any polynomial but slower than any exponential, first constructed by Rostislav Grigorchuk in 1983.
Intermediate logic
An intermediate logic, also called a superintuitionistic logic, is a consistent set of propositional formulas containing intuitionistic propositional calculus and contained in classical logic; Gödel showed in 1932 that infinitely many exist.
Intermediate value theorem
The intermediate value theorem, also known as Bolzano's theorem or the Cauchy–Bolzano theorem, states that a continuous real function on a closed interval takes every value between its endpoint values.
Internal validity
Internal validity is the degree to which a study shows that the treatment, not some other factor, caused the observed outcome, a term coined by Donald T. Campbell in 1957.
International Association for Mathematical Geosciences
The International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG) is a non-profit scientific association, founded in Prague in 1968, that promotes mathematics, statistics, and informatics in the geosciences and publishes four journals.
International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics
The International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC) is an annual conference in algebraic and enumerative combinatorics, first held in Lille, France, in 1988.
International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad, or IMO, is an annual mathematics competition for pre-university students, first held in Romania in 1959, with teams of up to six contestants per country.
International Social Survey Programme
The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a cross-national collaboration of survey organizations that has run annual social science surveys since 1984, covering topics like government, religion, and inequality.
International Standard Classification of Education
The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) is a UNESCO framework for classifying education programs and qualifications, from early childhood to tertiary levels 0 through 8, so statistics compare across countries.
International Standard Classification of Occupations
The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) is an International Labour Organization tool for classifying jobs; its current version, ISCO-08, arranges them into 436 unit groups within 10 major groups.
Interpolation
Interpolation is the construction of a function that passes exactly through known data points so values can be estimated between them, as in cubic splines and Lagrange polynomials.
Interpretation (logic)
In logic, also called a structure, an interpretation gives meaning to a formal language by fixing a domain of objects and assigning each non-logical symbol a denotation over it.
Interpretation of theories and interpretability strength
An interpretation of a theory T in a theory S is a syntactic translation under which S proves every translated theorem of T, enabling comparison of logical strength.
Interquartile range
The interquartile range (IQR), also known as the midspread or middle 50%, is the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles, a robust measure of statistical dispersion less affected by extreme values than the standard deviation.
Intersection (set theory)
In set theory, the intersection of sets A and B, written A ∩ B, is the set of elements they share, the set-level counterpart of logical conjunction.
Intersection graph
An intersection graph is a graph whose vertices represent members of a family of sets, with edges between sets that intersect; every graph arises this way.
Intersection theory
Intersection theory is the branch of algebraic geometry that defines intersection multiplicities and numbers, forming an intersection product on the Chow ring, with roots in Bézout's theorem.
Interval (mathematics)
An interval in mathematics is a set of real numbers containing every number between any two of its members, such as the open and closed intervals.
Interval arithmetic
Interval arithmetic, also known as interval analysis, is a numerical method in which quantities are carried as closed intervals, guaranteeing that results enclose the true value despite rounding errors.
Interval temporal logic
Interval temporal logic (ITL) is a family of modal logics evaluating formulas over time intervals rather than points, introduced by Halpern and Shoham and used to reason about concurrent and real-time systems.
Intra-rater reliability
Intra-rater reliability is a statistical measure of the self-consistency of one rater who scores the same subjects on repeated occasions, quantified by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and distinguished from inter-rater reliability.
Intraclass correlation
The intraclass correlation (ICC), also called the intracluster correlation, measures how strongly measurements on units in the same group resemble each other, as the share of variance between classes.
Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, nicknamed the Cinderella Book, is a standard textbook on formal languages, automata, and computability by John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman.
Intuitionism
Intuitionism, also called mathematical intuitionism, is a philosophy of mathematics founded by the Dutch mathematician L. E. J. Brouwer in 1907, treating mathematics as a creation of the mind.