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Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3, also written PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) is a minor membrane phospholipid that acts as a second messenger: PI3K makes it, PTEN removes it, and it recruits proteins like AKT to control cell growth, survival, and metabolism.
Phosphene
A phosphene is the perception of light without light entering the eye, caused by pressure, electrical, or magnetic stimulation of the retina or visual cortex.
Phosphine
Phosphine, also called hydrogen phosphide, is a colorless, flammable, highly toxic gas with a garlic-like odor, used mainly to fumigate stored grain and as a dopant in semiconductor manufacturing.
Phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus
Phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus is a claimed 2020 detection of the gas phosphine in Venus's clouds, led by Jane Greaves, which remains debated.
Phosphine oxide
A phosphine oxide is an organophosphorus compound of the structure R₃P=O, whose strong phosphorus–oxygen bond makes it a stable by-product of Wittig, Mitsunobu, Appel, and Staudinger reactions.
Phosphinidene
A phosphinidene is a monomeric phosphorus(I) compound of formula R−P, the phosphorus analog of a nitrene or carbene, usually stabilized by a metal, a carbene, or another donor.
Phosphite
Phosphite is the divalent inorganic anion HPO₃²⁻, obtained from phosphorous acid; its salts and esters act as systemic fungicides against oomycetes but supply no usable phosphorus to plants.
Phospho-L-tyrosine
Phospho-L-tyrosine, also known as O-phospho-L-tyrosine, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid formed by phosphorylating L-tyrosine; as the phosphotyrosine residue it is a central eukaryotic signaling mark.
Phosphodiester bond
A phosphodiester bond, or phosphodiester linkage, is a covalent linkage in which a phosphate joins two fragments through two ester bonds, forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA.
Phosphogenesis
Phosphogenesis is the formation of authigenic phosphate minerals, chiefly carbonate fluorapatite (francolite), in marine sediments, producing phosphorite, a rock with over 18 percent P2O5, mostly in coastal upwelling zones.
Phosphogypsum
Phosphogypsum is the calcium sulfate byproduct of wet-process phosphoric acid production, generated at about 5 tons per ton of acid and stockpiled because it contains radioactive radium.
Phosphomolybdic acid
Phosphomolybdic acid, also called molybdophosphoric acid or dodecamolybdophosphoric acid, is a Keggin-type heteropoly acid with the formula H₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀], used as a TLC stain, histology mordant, and catalyst.
Phosphonate
A phosphonate, also known as a phosphonic acid, is an organophosphorus compound with a direct carbon–phosphorus bond, the basis of antibiotics like fosfomycin, herbicides, and bisphosphonate osteoporosis drugs.
Phosphor
A phosphor is a luminescent solid that absorbs energy, such as ultraviolet light, an electron beam, or ionizing radiation, and re-emits part of it as visible light, in applications including fluorescent lamps, LEDs, and radiation detectors.
Phosphor thermometry
Phosphor thermometry is an optical technique that measures surface or gas temperature from the temperature-dependent luminescence of a phosphor, independent of surface emissivity, from cryogenic to about 2000 K.
Phosphoramidate
A phosphoramidate is an organophosphorus compound with at least one amino group bonded directly to phosphorus through a P–N bond; the ProTide approach yielded drugs like sofosbuvir.
Phosphoramide
Phosphoramide, also called phosphoric triamide, is the small inorganic compound in which all three hydroxyl groups of phosphoric acid are replaced by amino groups; the name also covers substituted P(O)–N compounds.
Phosphoramidite
A phosphoramidite is a trivalent phosphorus(III) compound bearing an amino group, the standard building block for DNA and RNA oligonucleotide synthesis and a chiral ligand class in asymmetric catalysis.
Phosphoramidon
Phosphoramidon is a naturally occurring phosphoramidate dipeptide produced by Streptomyces tanashiensis, first reported in 1973 as a potent inhibitor of thermolysin and other zinc metalloproteases.
Phosphoranyl radical-mediated alkene functionalization
Phosphoranyl radical-mediated alkene functionalization is a set of synthetic methods in which photoredox-generated tetracoordinate phosphorus radicals activate strong bonds and add across alkene C=C bonds under mild conditions.
Phosphorene
Phosphorene is a two-dimensional semiconductor made of a single atomic layer of black phosphorus, first isolated in 2014, with a thickness-dependent direct bandgap and high carrier mobility.
Phosphorescence
Phosphorescence is luminescence involving a change in spin multiplicity, typically from triplet to singlet, whose slow spin-forbidden emission produces an afterglow lasting from fractions of a second to hours.
Phosphorescent carbon dots
Phosphorescent carbon dots are carbon nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm that emit room-temperature phosphorescence, a long-lived afterglow first reported in 2013 and used in anti-counterfeiting, sensing, and bioimaging.
Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is an inorganic acid with formula H₃PO₄, commonly sold as an 85% solution and used mainly in phosphate fertilizer, with food and water treatment among its other uses.
Phosphorimaging
Phosphorimaging, also called storage phosphor autoradiography, records two-dimensional images of ionizing radiation on a photostimulable phosphor screen that a laser later reads out as a digital image.
Phosphorodithioate
Phosphorodithioate is the trivalent anion O2PS2³⁻, a phosphorus group bearing two sulfur atoms found in organophosphorus insecticides and in PS2 linkages that replace both non-bridging oxygens in oligonucleotides.
Phosphorofluoridate
Phosphorofluoridate, also called the monofluorophosphate ion, is a divalent phosphorus anion in which fluorine replaces one hydroxyl of phosphate; its sodium salt is the fluoride source in anticavity toothpastes.
Phosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid (H3PO3), also known as phosphonic acid, is a diprotic phosphorus oxoacid and reducing agent, the basis of phosphite fungicides that control oomycete diseases.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the chemical element with atomic number 15, a reactive nonmetal occurring as white, red, violet, and black allotropes and essential to all life as phosphate in DNA and ATP.
Phosphorus cycle
The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that moves phosphorus among rocks, soils, water, and organisms through weathering, river transport, and sediment burial, with no significant gaseous phase.