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Crystal calorimeter
A crystal calorimeter is a particle detector that measures electron and photon energies in dense scintillating crystals, offering the best electromagnetic energy resolution in high-energy physics.
Crystal diffraction
Crystal diffraction is a structural characterization method that determines the atomic arrangement of crystalline materials from diffraction patterns produced when X-rays, electrons, or neutrons scatter from the crystal lattice.
Crystal field theory
Crystal field theory (CFT) is an electrostatic model that explains the colors and magnetic behavior of transition metal complexes by splitting the metal's d orbitals, formulated by Hans Bethe in 1929.
Crystal mush
Crystal mush is magma in which crystals form a connected, mostly solid framework with melt in the pore spaces, the dominant storage state of magma in the crust.
Crystal phase engineering in nanowires
Crystal phase engineering in nanowires is the deliberate control of whether wurtzite or zinc blende forms along a semiconductor nanowire, achieved through growth temperature and precursor ratios.
Crystal structure
A crystal structure is the periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal, repeating in three dimensions through a lattice and determined experimentally by X-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction.
Crystal structure prediction
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is a family of computational methods that take a chemical formula and pressure-temperature conditions and find candidate crystal structures as free-energy minima.
Crystal system
A crystal system, also called a crystallographic system, classifies crystals by symmetry, grouping the 32 point-group classes into seven 3D systems, from triclinic to cubic, which underlie 14 Bravais lattices.
Crystal twinning
Crystal twinning, seen in twinned or polysynthetic crystals, is the symmetrical intergrowth of crystals of one mineral along a shared composition surface under a twin law.
Crystalline sponge method
The crystalline sponge method is an X-ray diffraction technique, reported by Makoto Fujita at the University of Tokyo in 2013, that determines molecular structures without crystallizing the compound.
Crystallization
Crystallization is the formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt, or vapor, driven by cooling or solvent evaporation and proceeding in two steps: nucleation, then crystal growth.
Crystallization purification
Crystallization purification separates and purifies compounds by forming crystals from a solution or melt and isolating them from the mother liquor, achieving purities above 99%.
Crystallization-driven self-assembly
Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) is a solution-phase method for building polymer nanostructures in which crystallization of a core block drives the formation of cylindrical micelles and platelets.
Crystallographic defect
A crystallographic defect, or crystal defect, is an interruption to the regular atomic arrangement in a crystal lattice; all real crystals contain such imperfections.
Crystallographic defects
A crystallographic defect is any localized disruption to the periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal, classified by dimensionality as point, line, planar, or volume defects.
Crystallographic point group
A crystallographic point group, also called a crystal class, is a group of symmetry operations leaving at least one point fixed; exactly 32 exist in three dimensions.
Crystallography
Crystallography is the science of molecular and crystalline structure, best known for X-ray diffraction experiments that reveal where atoms sit within a crystal; Bragg's law governs the effect.
CS gas
CS gas, also called CS spray, is a synthetic irritant used as a riot control agent and main ingredient of tear gas, first prepared by chemists Corson and Stoughton in 1928.
Cs2AgBiBr6
Cs2AgBiBr6 (caesium silver bismuth bromide) is a lead-free inorganic halide double perovskite in which Ag+ and Bi3+ replace Pb2+, studied for solar cells and X-ray detectors.
Csaba Janáky
Csaba Janáky, born in 1984, is a Hungarian chemist at the University of Szeged who works on photoelectrochemistry and electrochemical carbon dioxide conversion, and co-founded the CO2-electrolysis start-up eChemicles.
CSIRO
CSIRO, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, is Australia's national science agency, with over 5,000 staff and innovations including fast Wireless LAN and polymer banknotes.
CsPbBr3 all-inorganic perovskite
CsPbBr3 (cesium lead bromide) is an all-inorganic halide perovskite with a 2.3 eV bandgap and record solar cell efficiency of 11.08%, prized for heat and moisture stability.
CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystal scintillator
A CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystal scintillator is a radiation detector material made of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals that re-emit X-ray, gamma-ray, or particle radiation as green light near 520 nm.
CsPbBr3 quantum dots
CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots, also called cesium lead bromide quantum dots, are inorganic nanocrystals 5 to 15 nm wide that emit green light efficiently, first synthesized in 2015.
CsPbI3
CsPbI3, or cesium lead iodide, is an all-inorganic perovskite semiconductor with a direct bandgap near 1.73 eV, used in solar cells; keeping its black phase stable at room temperature is the field's central problem.
CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dots
CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dots are nanometer-scale crystals of cesium lead iodide, an all-inorganic lead halide perovskite, studied as red light emitters for LEDs and displays and in quantum dot solar cells.
CsPbX3 perovskite quantum dots
CsPbX3 perovskite quantum dots are cesium lead halide nanocrystals, first synthesized in 2015, whose emission color is tuned across the visible spectrum for displays and solar cells.
CsV3Sb5
CsV3Sb5 is a layered kagome metal, the most studied member of the AV3Sb5 family, superconducting near 2.3 K with a charge density wave at 94 K.
CT Cha
CT Cha (CT Chamaeleontis) is a 2-million-year-old K5e T Tauri star in Chamaeleon, about 622 light-years away, with the directly imaged 17-Jupiter-mass companion CT Cha b at 440 au, whose carbon-rich circumplanetary disk was measured by JWST.
CT dose index
The computed tomography dose index (CTDI) is a standardized metric of the radiation output of a CT scanner, introduced in 1981 and still the standard method of CT dosimetry.