42,772 articles
Fermi resonance
Fermi resonance is an anharmonic mixing of two molecular vibrational states of the same symmetry and nearly equal energy, named for Enrico Fermi, who explained it in 1931.
Fermi surface
The Fermi surface is the boundary in momentum space between occupied and unoccupied electron states in a metal at zero temperature; it is measured by quantum oscillations and ARPES.
Fermi–Dirac statistics
Fermi–Dirac statistics, also known as the Fermi–Dirac distribution, describes how identical fermions such as electrons occupy energy states in thermal equilibrium, governed by the Pauli exclusion principle.
Fermi–Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction
The Fermi–Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction (FLOSIC) is a formulation of the Perdew–Zunger self-interaction correction in density functional theory that uses localized Fermi–Löwdin orbitals, restoring unitary invariance and size extensivity.
Fermi's golden rule
Fermi's golden rule is a quantum mechanics formula giving the constant transition rate from a discrete initial state into a continuum of final states under a weak perturbation.
Fermi's interaction
Fermi's interaction is the four-fermion theory Enrico Fermi proposed in 1934 to describe nuclear beta decay, the first quantum field theory of the weak force.
Fermilab
Fermilab, formally the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, is the United States' national laboratory for particle physics in Batavia, Illinois, founded in 1967 and named for Enrico Fermi.
Fermilab Main Injector
The Fermilab Main Injector is a two-mile-circumference proton synchrotron at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, dedicated in 1999 to inject protons into the Tevatron and produce intense neutrino beams.
FermiNet
FermiNet (Fermionic Neural Network) is a deep neural network from DeepMind, introduced in 2019, that represents the quantum wavefunction of many-electron atoms and molecules for accurate chemistry calculations.
Fermion
A fermion is a quantum particle with half-integer spin, such as an electron, quark, or proton, that obeys the Pauli exclusion principle and makes up matter.
Fermion doubling
Fermion doubling, also called the fermion doubling problem, is a lattice artifact where each physical fermion appears as 16 unphysical species, central to lattice QCD.
Fermionic condensate
A fermionic condensate, also called a Fermi condensate, is a superfluid phase of matter in which pairs of fermions condense, first observed in ultracold potassium-40 atoms at JILA in 2004.
Fermium
Fermium is a synthetic radioactive chemical element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100, the eighth transuranium actinide, discovered in 1952 in hydrogen bomb fallout and named after Enrico Fermi.
Fernando Codá Marques
Fernando Codá Marques (born 1979) is a Brazilian differential geometer and Princeton professor who proved the Willmore conjecture with André Neves in 2012 and built a quantitative Morse theory for minimal surfaces.
Fernando Martín
Fernando Martín García, born in Madrid in 1961, is a Spanish theoretical physicist at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid known for founding theoretical attochemistry.
Fernando Sanford
Fernando Sanford was an American physicist who headed Stanford's physics department from its 1891 founding until 1919 and is remembered for his early electric photography work.
Ferralsols
Ferralsols are deeply weathered, strongly leached soils of the humid tropics, defined by a ferralic horizon and corresponding closely to the Oxisols of USDA Soil Taxonomy.
Ferrel cell
The Ferrel cell is the mid-latitude overturning circulation of the atmosphere, sitting between the Hadley and polar cells and producing the prevailing westerlies, first proposed by William Ferrel in 1856.
Ferric chloride test
The ferric chloride test is a qualitative chemical test in which phenols form intensely colored blue, violet, purple, green, or red-brown complexes with aqueous iron(III) chloride.
Ferrihydrite
Ferrihydrite is a widespread, poorly crystalline iron(III) oxyhydroxide nanomineral, named in 1971, that forms rust-colored precipitates in soils, springs, and acid mine drainage, and has been identified on Mars.
Ferrimagnetism
Ferrimagnetism is magnetic ordering in which two antiparallel sublattice moments of unequal size leave a net magnetization; Louis Néel explained it, and magnetite is the archetype.
Ferrite (magnet)
Ferrite magnets, also called ceramic magnets, are permanent magnets made of sintered strontium or barium ferrite, the most used magnets worldwide and common in motors and loudspeakers.
Ferrocene
Ferrocene (C10H10Fe), also known as dicyclopentadienyl iron, is a stable organometallic compound with a sandwich structure, first synthesized in 1951 and now used as an electrochemical reference, in catalysis, and in drug design.
Ferroelasticity
Ferroelasticity is a crystal property in which two or more orientation states, differing in spontaneous strain, can be switched by applied stress, the mechanical analog of ferroelectricity.
Ferroelectric AlScN
Ferroelectric AlScN (aluminum scandium nitride, Al1-xScxN) is a wurtzite-structure nitride in which scandium alloying enables switchable polarization, first demonstrated in 2019 and now a leading candidate for non-volatile memory.
Ferroelectric AlScN thin films
Ferroelectric AlScN thin films are wurtzite aluminum scandium nitride alloys, Al₁₋ₓScₓN, whose polarization switches under an electric field; demonstrated in 2019, they are studied for CMOS-compatible ferroelectric memory.
Ferroelectric domain
A ferroelectric domain is a region of a ferroelectric crystal with uniform spontaneous polarization, bounded by thin domain walls; domain structure governs devices like capacitors and memories.
Ferroelectric domain wall
A ferroelectric domain wall is the nanoscale interface between adjacent domains of uniform polarization in a ferroelectric, often conductive in insulating crystals and used in low-energy electronics.
Ferroelectric liquid crystal
A ferroelectric liquid crystal is a fluid liquid-crystal phase with switchable spontaneous polarization, known in the chiral smectic C (SmC) form and used in fast displays.
Ferroelectric nematic phase
A ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal (N_F) is a liquid-crystalline material whose nematic phase carries a spontaneous electric polarization, first reported in 2017 in the mesogens RM734 and DIO.