42,772 articles
Friedel–Crafts reaction
The Friedel–Crafts reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that attaches alkyl or acyl groups to aromatic rings, discovered by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877.
Friedel's salt
Friedel's salt, also called calcium chloro-aluminate, is a calcium chloroaluminate hydrate (Ca₂Al(OH)₆Cl·2H₂O) forming in Portland cement, and its chloride binding retards corrosion of steel reinforcement.
Frieder Jäkle
Frieder Jäkle, born 1969, is a German-born materials chemist and Distinguished Professor at Rutgers University–Newark whose group develops boron-doped conjugated polymers for organic electronics and sensing.
Friederich Ignaz Mautner
Friederich Ignaz Mautner was a mathematician who worked on unitary representation theory of locally compact groups and is remembered for the Mautner phenomenon, a standard tool in ergodic theory.
Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Friedhelm von Blanckenburg is a German geochemist who was professor at GFZ Potsdam and Freie Universität Berlin, best known for measuring erosion rates with cosmogenic beryllium-10.
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, also known as Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, was a German chemist who first isolated caffeine from coffee beans and identified key coal-tar compounds including aniline and phenol.
Friedman test
The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test for detecting differences among three or more treatments measured on the same blocks, introduced by Milton Friedman in 1937.
Friedmann equations
The Friedmann equations are the two general-relativity equations governing the expansion of a homogeneous, isotropic universe, linking the scale factor to energy density, pressure, curvature, and the cosmological constant.
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
The Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric is the spacetime metric describing a homogeneous and isotropic universe, first studied by Alexandr Friedman in 1922 and central to modern cosmology.
Friedrich Bergius
Friedrich Bergius was a German chemist who invented high-pressure coal hydrogenation, the Bergius process for synthetic liquid fuel, and shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Carl Bosch.
Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels
Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels (1865–1913) was a German physicist who described the Pockels effect, the electric-field change of refractive index, in an 1893 monograph; brother of Agnes Pockels.
Friedrich Dessauer
Friedrich Dessauer (1881–1963) was a German physicist, radiologist, and Reichstag politician who pioneered radiation therapy, founded medical physics in Germany, and wrote a Catholic philosophy of technology.
Friedrich Emich
Friedrich Emich (1860–1940) was an Austrian chemist at the Technische Hochschule in Graz who founded quantitative inorganic microanalysis; Fritz Pregl credited him as the true founder of microchemistry.
Friedrich Engel (mathematician)
Friedrich Engel (1861–1941) was a German mathematician, born in Lugau, Saxony, known for Engel's theorem on nilpotent Lie algebras and for co-writing Sophus Lie's three-volume Theorie der Transformationsgruppen.
Friedrich Ernst Dorn
Friedrich Ernst Dorn (1848–1916) was a German physicist who held the physics chair at the University of Halle and is credited with discovering radon in 1900.
Friedrich Goppelsroeder
Friedrich Goppelsroeder (Christoph Friedrich Goppelsroeder; 1837–1919) was a Swiss chemist who developed capillary analysis, separating dissolved dyes by their rise through filter paper, a precursor of paper chromatography.
Friedrich Hartogs
Friedrich (Fritz) Moritz Hartogs was a German mathematician at the University of Munich, regarded as the founder of several complex variables; his 1906 extension theorem shows holomorphic functions of several complex variables cannot have isolated singularities.
Friedrich Hermann Busse
Friedrich Hermann Busse (born 1936) is a German physicist known for work on rotating convection, dynamo theory, and the geodynamo model called the Busse balloon.
Friedrich Hirzebruch
Friedrich Hirzebruch (1927–2012) was a German mathematician in topology and algebraic geometry, known for the signature and Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorems and for founding the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn.
Friedrich Hund
Friedrich Hund (1896–1997) was a German theoretical physicist who formulated Hund's rules for electron configurations, developed molecular orbital theory alongside Robert Mulliken, and discovered the quantum tunnel effect.
Friedrich Johann Karl Becke
Friedrich Johann Karl Becke was an Austrian mineralogist and petrograph, professor at Vienna, whose Becke line method for comparing mineral refractive indices is still used today.
Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist)
Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch (1840–1910) was a German physicist who precisely measured the electrical conductivity of electrolytes and formulated the law of independent ionic migration in 1876.
Friedrich Konrad Beilstein
Friedrich Konrad Beilstein (1838–1906) was a German chemist who spent his career in St. Petersburg and created the Handbuch der organischen Chemie, a standard reference catalog of organic compounds.
Friedrich Krafft
Friedrich Krafft (1852–1923) was a German chemist who studied under Kekulé and taught at Heidelberg; he is known for the Krafft point of surfactants and the Krafft degradation.
Friedrich Kremer
Friedrich Kremer is a German physicist and professor of molecular physics at Universität Leipzig from 1993 to 2015, known for broadband dielectric spectroscopy of polymers and soft matter.
Friedrich Paneth
Friedrich Adolf Paneth (1887–1958) was an Austrian-born British chemist who, with George de Hevesy, introduced radioactive tracer techniques in 1913 and later pioneered free radical detection and helium dating of meteorites.
Friedrich Paschen
Friedrich Paschen (Louis Carl Heinrich Friedrich Paschen, 1865–1947) was a German physicist who discovered the Paschen series, formulated Paschen's law, and led the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt from 1924 to 1933.
Friedrich Prym
Friedrich Prym was a German mathematician who held the Chair of Mathematics at Würzburg from 1869 to 1909 and is remembered for the Prym formula and Prym variety.
Friedrich Robert Helmert
Friedrich Robert Helmert (1843–1917) was a German geodesist who founded modern geodesy as a unified discipline, led the Prussian Geodetic Institute, and wrote the standard geodesy treatise of 1880 and 1884.
Friedrich Schmidt (geologist)
Friedrich Schmidt, also known as Carl Friedrich Schmidt or Fyodor Bogdanovich Schmidt, was a Baltic German geologist and paleontologist considered the founder of Estonian geology.