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Graphene electrode
A graphene electrode is an electrode in which graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms, or derivatives such as graphene oxide conduct charge transfer for sensors, batteries, and supercapacitors.
Graphene grain boundaries
A graphene grain boundary is a one-dimensional line defect where two graphene crystal domains of different orientation meet, common in CVD-grown films, strongly reducing conductivity and mechanical strength.
Graphene heterostructure
A graphene heterostructure is a layered nanoelectronic device in which graphene is stacked with other atomically thin crystals, most often hexagonal boron nitride, to engineer new electronic properties.
Graphene kirigami
Graphene kirigami applies the Japanese art of paper cutting to atomically thin graphene sheets, demonstrated by Blees, McEuen, and colleagues at Cornell University in a 2015 Nature paper.
Graphene liquid cell
A graphene liquid cell (GLC) seals liquid between atomically thin graphene sheets inside an electron microscope, imaging wet biological samples and nanomaterials in their liquid environment.
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy (GLC-EM) seals liquid between atomically thin graphene membranes inside a TEM, enabling atomic-resolution imaging of dynamic processes in liquids, first reported in 2012.
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM) is a liquid-phase electron microscopy technique, in use since 2012, that seals liquid between atomically thin graphene sheets.
Graphene membrane
A graphene membrane is a filter made of atomically thin graphene or graphene oxide, used to separate ions, molecules, gases, or water for desalination and purification.
Graphene moiré superlattice
A graphene moiré superlattice is a periodic structure formed when graphene sits on another atomically thin crystal with a small twist or lattice mismatch, reshaping its electronic bands.
Graphene nanoribbon
A graphene nanoribbon (GNR) is a nanometer-wide strip of graphene whose quantum confinement opens a bandgap that bulk graphene lacks, with armchair edges semiconducting and zigzag edges metallic.
Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride
Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, often written G/hBN, is a van der Waals heterostructure stacking atomically thin graphene on the flat insulating substrate hBN; aligned lattices form moiré superlattices.
Graphene oxide
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional carbon material made by oxidizing graphite, whose oxygen-containing groups make it chemically reactive, dispersible in water, and a widely used precursor to graphene.
Graphene oxide liquid crystal
Graphene oxide liquid crystal (GOLC) is a colloidal liquid-crystalline phase formed when graphene oxide flakes dispersed in water or polar solvents order over large distances.
Graphene p–n junction electron optics
Graphene p–n junction electron optics is the use of electrostatically defined p–n boundaries in graphene to refract, focus, and guide ballistic electron waves, by analogy with light optics.
Graphene plasmonics
Graphene plasmonics is the study and use of plasmons in atom-thin graphene, whose massless carriers support tunable, strongly confined, low-loss mid-infrared and terahertz waves for sensing, photodetection, and communications.
Graphene plasmons
Graphene plasmons are collective oscillations of conduction electrons in graphene that couple to light, forming highly confined, gate-tunable mid-infrared and terahertz polaritons used in biosensing, photodetection, and modulators.
Graphene quantum dots
Graphene quantum dots are graphene fragments below 100 nm whose quantum confinement and edge effects produce tunable photoluminescence, used in bioimaging, sensing, and energy devices.
Graphene quantum Hall resistance metrology
Graphene quantum Hall resistance metrology is the use of graphene as the active material in quantized Hall resistance devices that realize the ohm under relaxed cryogenic and magnetic conditions.
Graphene spin valve
A graphene spin valve is a spintronic device in which ferromagnetic electrodes inject and detect spin-polarized currents in a graphene channel, controlling resistance through magnetic alignment.
Graphene spintronics
Graphene spintronics is the use of graphene, an atomic monolayer of carbon, as the spin-transport channel in spintronic devices, first shown at room temperature in 2007.
Graphene terahertz metamaterials
Graphene terahertz metamaterials are artificial periodic structures combining graphene, or graphene with metals and dielectrics, to control terahertz waves; their resonance can be reconfigured by electrostatic gating, doping, or optical pumping.
Graphene–CrI3 heterostructure
A graphene–CrI3 heterostructure is a van der Waals stack of graphene, a nonmagnetic semimetal, with chromium triiodide, a 2D magnetic semiconductor used for spintronics and valleytronics.
Graphene–hexagonal boron nitride superlattice
A graphene–hexagonal boron nitride superlattice is a van der Waals heterostructure in which nearly aligned graphene on insulating hBN produces a moiré potential for graphene's electrons.
Graphene–NbSe2 heterostructure
A graphene–NbSe2 heterostructure is a van der Waals stack of graphene and the layered superconductor niobium diselenide, a model system for the superconducting proximity effect.
Graphene–WSe2 heterostructure
A graphene–WSe2 heterostructure is a van der Waals stack of graphene and tungsten diselenide in which the proximity effect gives graphene strong spin–orbit coupling while preserving its high mobility.
Graphene/hBN moiré superlattice
A graphene/hBN moiré superlattice is the periodic moiré pattern formed when graphene is placed on hexagonal boron nitride, whose 1.8% lattice mismatch reshapes graphene's electronic band structure.
Graphic matroid
The graphic matroid, also called the cycle matroid, is the matroid on a graph's edges whose independent sets are forests and whose bases are spanning trees.
Graphical lasso
The graphical lasso (glasso) is an algorithm that estimates a sparse inverse covariance matrix using an l1 penalty, introduced by Friedman, Hastie, and Tibshirani in 2008.
Graphical model
A graphical model represents a joint probability distribution as a graph, with nodes for variables and edges for direct interactions; missing arcs encode conditional independence.
Graphite
Graphite, also known as black lead, is a soft, gray crystalline form of carbon in which hexagonal sheets slide easily, making it a good lubricant and pencil material.