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Ice nucleating particles
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are the rare subset of atmospheric aerosols that trigger ice formation in supercooled clouds, with major sources including mineral dust, biological particles, and sea spray.
Ice pellets
Ice pellets, called sleet in the United States, are transparent ice pellets under 5 mm across that form when rain refreezes in cold air near the ground and usually bounce on impact.
Ice sheet mass balance
Ice sheet mass balance is the net gain or loss of ice on an ice sheet per year, the measure behind the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets' contribution to sea level rise.
Ice shelf collapse
Ice shelf collapse is the rapid disintegration of a floating Antarctic ice shelf into thousands of small icebergs, as with Larsen A in 1995 and Larsen B in 2002.
Ice storm
An ice storm, also called a silver thaw, is a period of freezing rain that coats trees and power lines with glaze ice, causing widespread outages.
Ice VIIt
Ice VIIt is a high-pressure crystalline phase of water ice between ice VII and ice X, identified at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in 2022.
Ice wedge
An ice wedge is a vertical, wedge-shaped mass of ground ice in permafrost, grown over centuries by repeated winter cracking, that forms polygonal patterns across Arctic tundra.
Ice XVI
Ice XVI is a low-density crystalline form of water, first prepared in 2014 by emptying the cages of a neon clathrate hydrate, with a density of 0.81 g cm⁻³.
Ice XVII
Ice XVII is a metastable, porous crystalline phase of water ice, first produced in 2016 by emptying hydrogen from the C0 hydrate; its helical channels reversibly adsorb hydrogen.
Ice XXI
Ice XXI is a metastable, high-density phase of ice formed from supercompressed liquid water at room temperature, reported in 2025 as the 21st crystalline ice phase.
Ice-albedo feedback
The ice-albedo feedback is a positive climate feedback in which warming melts reflective snow and sea ice, exposing darker surfaces that absorb more sunlight and drive further warming.
Ice-jam flood
An ice-jam flood is a flood caused by an accumulation of river ice that blocks the channel, producing water depths two to three times higher than open-water floods at the same flow.
Ice-rafted debris
Ice-rafted debris (IRD), also called ice-rafted detritus, is sediment carried by floating ice and released to the seafloor when it melts, used as a paleoclimate proxy for past iceberg discharge.
Ice-sheet model
An ice-sheet model is a numerical model simulating the flow, thickness, temperature, and mass balance of ice sheets, particularly for predicting their response to climate change under climate forcing.
Ice-Tethered Profiler
The Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) is an autonomous oceanographic instrument developed at Woods Hole that profiles the upper ocean beneath drifting Arctic sea ice and transmits data via satellite.
Ice-type model
The ice-type model is a lattice model in statistical mechanics where each vertex carries arrows obeying the ice rule, modeling proton disorder in water ice.
IceCube Neutrino Observatory
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, also called IceCube, is a cubic-kilometer particle detector in Antarctic ice at the South Pole that detected the first astrophysical neutrinos in 2013.
IceCube-Gen2
IceCube-Gen2 is a planned extension of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole, expanding the detector to 8 cubic kilometers of ice with optical, radio, and surface arrays.
Icelandic Low
The Icelandic Low is a semi-permanent area of low atmospheric pressure over the subpolar North Atlantic, centered between Iceland and southern Greenland, strongest in winter.
ICH E9: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials
ICH E9 is the International Council for Harmonisation guideline setting statistical principles for clinical trial design, analysis, and interpretation; its 2019 addendum E9(R1) added the estimand framework.
ICH Q2(R2)
ICH Q2(R2) is the harmonized ICH guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures, reaching Step 4 in November 2023 as a complete revision of Q2(R1) from 2005.
Ichinsky
Ichinsky (Ichinskaya Sopka, Icha) is Kamchatka's highest Sredinny Range stratovolcano, 3,596-3,621 m, a 450 km3 edifice with a glacier-filled caldera; last erupted 1740 CE, largest Holocene eruption about 6,500 BP.
Ichirō Satake
Ichirō Satake (佐武一郎, 1927–2014) was a Japanese mathematician who taught at the University of Tokyo and UC Berkeley and is known for the Satake isomorphism, Satake diagrams, and the Satake compactification.
Icko Iben
Icko Iben Jr. (1931–2025) was an American astrophysicist who specialized in late stellar evolution, teaching at the University of Illinois and elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1985.
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is a global network of more than 2,500 local and regional governments working on sustainable urban development, climate action, and biodiversity.
Icosahedron
An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 faces; the regular icosahedron is the Platonic solid with 20 equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices, five meeting at each vertex.
Icosidodecahedron
The icosidodecahedron, also called the rectified dodecahedron or pentagonal gyrobirotunda, is an Archimedean solid with 20 triangular and 12 pentagonal faces, made by truncating a dodecahedron or icosahedron.
ICP-488 (TYK2 inhibitor)
ICP-488, known by the international nonproprietary name fadeucravacitinib, is an oral, highly selective allosteric TYK2 inhibitor developed by China's InnoCare Pharma, whose Phase III psoriasis trial met its primary endpoint in 2026.
ICPSR
ICPSR, the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, is a consortium and data archive at the University of Michigan, founded in 1962 and describing itself as the world's largest social science data archive.
Ida Noddack
Ida Noddack, born Ida Eva Tacke, was a German chemist who co-discovered the element rhenium in 1925 and, in 1934, became the first to propose nuclear fission.