edgepedia

Physical world and mathematics

42,772 articles

Limits of agreement

Limits of agreement are the range, mean difference plus or minus 1.96 standard deviations, within which 95% of differences between two measurement methods are expected to lie.

Limnologica

Limnologica is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the ecology and management of inland waters, published by Elsevier and closely associated with the German Society for Limnology.

Limnological journals

Limnological journals are scholarly periodicals that publish research on inland waters such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands, with Limnology and Oceanography the flagship since 1956.

Limnology

Limnology, also called freshwater science, is the study of inland waters, including lakes, rivers, wetlands, and groundwater, as ecological systems linked to their drainage basins.

Limnology and Oceanography

Limnology and Oceanography is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, covering the study of inland waters and the sea.

Limonene

Limonene, also known as D-limonene or dipentene for the racemate, is a cyclic terpene hydrocarbon, C10H16, comprising most citrus peel oils and valued as a flavoring, fragrance, and solvent.

Lin Fanghua

Lin Fanghua (林芳华) is a Silver Professor of Mathematics at NYU's Courant Institute, known for the mathematical theory of liquid crystals and elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2025.

Lin Lin

Lin Lin is a Chinese-American applied mathematician who joined UC Berkeley's mathematics department in 2014, known for numerical methods for electronic structure, quantum many-body problems, and quantum computing algorithms.

Lin X. Chen

Lin X. Chen is a chemist at Northwestern University and Argonne National Laboratory known for time-resolved X-ray studies of the structures molecules take after absorbing light.

Lin Yan

Lin Yan is an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology, on its professional staff since 2000, who studies infrared extragalactic astronomy and time-domain transients.

Linalool

Linalool, also known as linalyl alcohol, is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol found in over 200 plant species and one of the most heavily used fragrance ingredients.

Linalyl acetate

Linalyl acetate is the acetate ester of linalool, a colorless liquid with a sweet, floral-fruity odor that is a major component of lavender and bergamot oils.

Lincoln Wolfenstein

Lincoln Wolfenstein (1923–2015) was an American particle theorist at Carnegie Mellon University known for the superweak hypothesis, the MSW effect, and the Wolfenstein parametrization of the CKM matrix.

Lincomycin

Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis, named after Lincoln, Nebraska, and active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes.

Linda Ness

Linda Ann Ness is an American mathematician who earned her Ph.D. at Harvard in 1975 under David Mumford and is known for the Kempf–Ness theorem.

Lindblad equation

The Lindblad equation, also called the GKSL equation, is a master equation describing how the density matrix of an open quantum system evolves under Markovian, completely positive dynamics.

Lindeberg's condition

Lindeberg's condition is a condition on triangular arrays of independent random variables requiring no single summand to dominate the total variance, yielding a normal limit for normalized row sums.

Lindelöf hypothesis

The Lindelöf hypothesis, also known as the Lindelöf conjecture, is a 1908 conjecture of Ernst Leonard Lindelöf asserting the Riemann zeta function grows slowly on the critical line.

Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem

The Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem is a result in transcendental number theory, proved by Karl Weierstrass in 1885, stating that exponentials of distinct algebraic numbers are linearly independent over the algebraic numbers.

Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra

The Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra, also called the Lindenbaum algebra, is the algebra of formulas of a logic modulo provable equivalence, introduced by Lindenbaum and Tarski in 1926–27.

Lindström's theorem

Lindström's theorem, proved by the Swedish logician Per Lindström in 1969, characterizes first-order logic as maximal in expressive power among logics satisfying compactness and the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem.

Lindy effect

The Lindy effect, or Lindy's Law, is the statistical tendency for non-perishable things like books and technologies to have longer remaining life expectancy the longer they have existed.

Lindy Elkins-Tanton

Lindy Elkins-Tanton is an American planetary scientist, principal investigator of NASA's Psyche mission to a metal asteroid, and since 2025 director of the Space Sciences Laboratory at UC Berkeley.

Line (geometry)

In geometry, a line is a straight, one-dimensional extent of points that extends without limit in both directions, and is treated as an undefined term fixed by the axioms.

Line at infinity

The line at infinity is a projective line added to an affine plane, collecting one new point per parallel class, so every pair of distinct lines meets exactly once.

Line blanketing

Line blanketing is the collective effect of vast numbers of spectral lines in a stellar atmosphere that block flux, redistribute it to longer wavelengths, and heat deeper layers.

Line bundle

A line bundle is a vector bundle whose fiber at every point is one-dimensional; in algebraic geometry it appears as an invertible sheaf and encodes divisors.

Line chart

A line chart, also called a line graph, is a data visualization that connects data points with line segments, most often to show change over time.

Line emission

Line emission is the release of electromagnetic radiation at discrete, well-defined frequencies, produced when atoms, ions, or molecules drop to lower energy states and emit photons, appearing as bright lines in a spectrum.

Line graph

The line graph, also called the edge graph or interchange graph, is a graph whose vertices correspond to the edges of a graph G, joined when they share an endpoint.