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Linolelaidic acid
Linolelaidic acid, also called linoelaidic acid, is the all-trans geometric isomer of linoleic acid, an 18-carbon omega-6 trans fat formed during partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
Linolenic acid
Linolenic acid is an 18-carbon fatty acid with three double bonds, usually meaning alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 nutrient abundant in flaxseed oil, chia seeds, and walnuts.
Linuron
Linuron is a phenylurea herbicide that kills weeds by inhibiting photosynthesis, first registered in the United States in 1966 and still registered in North America.
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994) was an American chemist who helped establish quantum chemistry and molecular biology, winning the 1954 Chemistry and 1962 Peace Nobel Prizes.
Lion and Sun (شیر و خورشید)
The Lion and Sun (شیر و خورشید, Shir o khorshid) is a historical national emblem of Iran, on the flag from 1906 until the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
Lior Elbaz
Lior Elbaz is an Israeli electrochemist and full professor at Bar-Ilan University whose research on precious-metal-free fuel-cell catalysts led him to found the Israeli Fuel Cells Consortium in 2016.
LiOsO3
LiOsO3, lithium osmate, is a metallic oxide that was the first experimentally confirmed ferroelectric metal, with a polar transition below 140 K reported in 2013.
Liouville field theory
Liouville field theory is a two-dimensional conformal field theory with an exponential interaction, introduced by Polyakov in 1981 as the effective theory of two-dimensional quantum gravity.
Liouville function
The Liouville function is the completely multiplicative arithmetic function λ(n) = (−1)^Ω(n), counting prime factors with multiplicity; it is central to the prime number theorem and the Riemann hypothesis.
Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)
Liouville's theorem, named for Joseph Liouville, states that Hamiltonian time evolution preserves the volume of any region of phase space, so an ensemble behaves like an incompressible fluid.
LIPAc
LIPAc (Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator) is a high-current deuteron linear accelerator under commissioning at Rokkasho, Japan, built by Europe and Japan since 2007 to validate the IFMIF fusion materials facility's accelerator design.
Lipid 5
Lipid 5 is a biodegradable, ester-containing ionizable lipid that carries mRNA in lipid nanoparticles for liver delivery, from the lineage that produced the SM-102 and ALC-0315 vaccine lipids.
Lipid A
Lipid A is the glycolipid moiety of lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria, responsible for endotoxic activity by binding the TLR4/MD-2 receptor and triggering innate immune signaling.
Lipid extraction
Lipid extraction is a sample-preparation method that transfers lipids from biological or environmental samples into an organic solvent, classically the 1957 Folch chloroform-methanol method, with variants like Bligh-Dyer and MTBE.
Lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation is the free-radical chain oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids into hydroperoxides and reactive aldehydes such as MDA and 4-HNE, driving rancidity in foods and ferroptosis in cells.
Lipid raft
A lipid raft, also called a membrane raft, is a small, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich region of a cell's plasma membrane that stays more ordered than the surrounding membrane.
Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick model
The Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick model is an exactly solvable many-body model with all-to-all spin interactions, introduced in 1965 and now a standard test bed for quantum phase transitions and quantum simulation.
Lipman Bers
Lipman Bers (1914–1993) was a Latvian-born American mathematician who worked on Riemann surfaces, Teichmüller theory, and Kleinian groups, and presided over the American Mathematical Society in 1975–76.
Lipoic acid
Lipoic acid, also called alpha-lipoic acid or thioctic acid, is an eight-carbon organosulfur fatty acid, isolated in 1951, that works as a mitochondrial cofactor and antioxidant supplement.
Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity, also known as lipid solubility or fat solubility, is the affinity of a molecule for a fat-like environment, measured by the octanol/water partition coefficient log P.
Liposomal amphotericin B
Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB), sold as AmBisome, is a lipid formulation of the antifungal amphotericin B, used for fungal infections and leishmaniasis with less kidney toxicity.
Lipót Fejér
Lipót Fejér, born Weisz Leopold, was a Hungarian mathematician whose 1900 theorem on the Cesàro summability of Fourier series reopened trigonometric-series theory; with Frigyes Riesz, he founded a school of Hungarian mathematics.
Lippmann–Schwinger equation
The Lippmann–Schwinger equation is an integral-equation formulation of quantum-mechanical scattering, writing the exact scattering state as an incident free state plus an integral over the potential, introduced in 1950.
Lipschitz continuity
Lipschitz continuity, the Lipschitz condition, is a strong form of uniform continuity in which a function cannot stretch distances by more than a fixed constant factor.
Liquid
A liquid is a state of matter whose particles stay in close contact but slide past one another, so it flows, takes its container's shape, and resists compression.
Liquid carbon dioxide
Liquid carbon dioxide, or liquid CO2, is carbon dioxide held liquid by pressure between −56.6 and 31.0 °C, used in food freezing, fire suppression, cleaning, and refrigeration.
Liquid chromatography
Liquid chromatography (LC) is an analytical technique that separates mixtures by passing a liquid mobile phase through a stationary phase, identifying and quantifying each component.
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, or LC-MS, is an analytical technique combining liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection, widely used in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis.
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) couples liquid chromatographic separation with two stages of mass analysis, and is the gold standard for quantitative bioanalysis, clinical diagnostics, and environmental testing.
Liquid crystal
A liquid crystal is a state of matter that flows like a liquid while retaining molecular order, discovered in 1888 and best known today for liquid crystal displays.