42,772 articles
Lorentz TEM tomography of 3D magnetic textures
Lorentz TEM tomography is an electron-microscopy method that reconstructs 3D magnetic textures in thin specimens from tilted Lorentz TEM images, resolving skyrmions and vortices below 10 nm.
Lorentz transformation
The Lorentz transformation, or Lorentz–Fitzgerald transformation, is the set of formulas in special relativity for converting an event's coordinates between inertial frames moving relative to each other.
Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM), also called Lorentz microscopy, is a set of transmission electron microscopy methods that image magnetic domains in thin specimens with the objective lens off.
Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations
Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations are hypothetical flavor transitions in which a breaking of Lorentz invariance, not neutrino mass, drives the oscillation; searches have found no effect but set very tight limits.
Lorentzian manifold
A Lorentzian manifold is a smooth manifold carrying a metric of Lorentzian signature, with one negative direction; with its metric it models spacetime in general relativity.
Lorenz gauge condition
The Lorenz gauge condition, commonly called the Lorentz gauge, is a constraint on the electromagnetic potentials that decouples Maxwell's equations into separate wave equations propagating at the speed of light.
Lorenz S. Cederbaum
Lorenz S. Cederbaum is a German theoretical chemist, born in 1946, who has spent his career at Heidelberg University and is known for the MCTDH method and interatomic Coulombic decay.
Lorenz system
The Lorenz system is a set of three nonlinear differential equations introduced by meteorologist Edward Lorenz in 1963 as the canonical example of deterministic chaos.
Lorenzo A. Richards
Lorenzo A. Richards (Lorenzo Adolph Richards, 1904–1993) was an American soil physicist with the USDA who formulated the Richards equation and built practical instruments for measuring soil water.
Lorenzo M. Polvani
Lorenzo M. Polvani is an atmospheric scientist at Columbia University who studies the stratosphere, ozone depletion's climate effects, and planetary atmospheres, and is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union.
Lorenzo Sironi
Lorenzo Sironi is an astrophysicist at Columbia University who studies the plasma physics of black holes and neutron stars through simulations, and received the 2025 PECASE award.
LORIA
LORIA (Laboratoire lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications) is a French computer science research laboratory in Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, near Nancy, jointly run by CNRS, the University of Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, and Inria since 1997.
Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), formerly LAMPF, is an accelerator facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, operating an 800-MeV proton linac since 1972.
Los Alamos sea ice model
The Los Alamos sea ice model, known as CICE (Community Ice CodE), is a numerical model simulating the growth, melting, and movement of polar sea ice.
Loschmidt's paradox
Loschmidt's paradox, also called the reversibility paradox or Umkehreinwand, is the objection, raised by Johann Joseph Loschmidt in 1876, that irreversible entropy increase cannot follow from time-reversal invariant mechanics.
Losing stream
Losing stream, also called influent stream: a stream or reach that loses streamflow by infiltration into the ground, recharging the aquifer; in karst it may sink into fractures or a ponor, unlike a sinking stream at a swallet.
Loss and Damage Fund
The Loss and Damage Fund (FRLD) is a UN climate fund providing financial support to developing countries vulnerable to climate change, agreed at COP27 in 2022.
Loss cone
A loss cone is the region of orbital phase space around a massive black hole holding stars whose orbits fall within its capture or tidal-disruption radius, setting tidal disruption event rates.
Loss function
A loss function, also called a criterion function, assigns a numerical penalty to the gap between a prediction, estimate, or decision and the truth, in statistics and machine learning.
Loss on drying
Loss on drying (LOD) is a pharmacopeial and food-analysis test measuring the percent of mass lost when a sample is dried, counting water, solvents, and other volatiles.
Loss on ignition
Loss on ignition (LOI) is a gravimetric method that heats a dried sample and reports the percentage of mass lost, indicating volatile content such as water and organic matter.
Lothar Collatz
Lothar Collatz (1910–1990) was a German mathematician who helped found modern numerical analysis and discovered the Collatz conjecture, the unsolved 3n+1 problem, in 1937 while working in Hamburg.
Lotus effect
The lotus effect is the self-cleaning property of certain plant surfaces, named for the sacred lotus, where water droplets roll off superhydrophobic, microscopically rough leaves and carry dust away.
Lou-Chuang Lee (李罗权)
Lou-Chuang Lee (李罗权, born 1947) is a Taiwanese space plasma physicist known for his theory of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause and for leading Taiwan's national space program.
Louay Mohamad Jamil Bazzi
Louay Mohamad Jamil Bazzi is a coding and information theorist who earned a Ph.D. from MIT in 2003 and teaches at the American University of Beirut in Beirut, Lebanon.
Loudness
Loudness, also known as loudness perception, is the perceived intensity of a sound rather than its physical level, quantified in phons and sones through psychoacoustic models such as ISO 532.
Loudness war
The loudness war, also called the loudness race, is the competitive increase in recorded music's loudness through compression, limiting, and clipping during mastering, which intensified in the CD era before streaming loudness normalization removed the incentive.
Loudspeaker
A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer that converts an electrical audio signal into sound by moving a diaphragm that pushes and pulls the surrounding air.
Louis A Codispoti
Louis A. Codispoti, born 1940 in Brooklyn, is an American chemical oceanographer known for work on the marine nitrogen cycle and denitrification in oxygen minimum zones.
Louis Agassiz
Louis Agassiz, born Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807–1873), was a Swiss-born American naturalist who championed the ice age theory and founded Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1859.