Physical world and mathematics

Marine biology

Marine biology is the study of organisms living in the sea, from microbes to whales. Covers its history from Phoenician voyages and the Challenger era to WHOI and Scripps, physiological adaptation to warming, acidification, and deoxygenation, and modern eDNA and deep-learning methods.

Marine chronometer

A marine chronometer, also called a nautical or ship chronometer, is a precision clock that keeps accurate time aboard ship, letting navigators find longitude at sea.

Marine cloud brightening

Marine cloud brightening is a proposed solar radiation management technique that would spray sea salt into marine clouds to reflect more sunlight and cool the climate.

Marine heatwave

Marine heatwave: prolonged ocean warming event, defined as SST above the seasonal 90th percentile for 5+ days (Hobday et al.). MHW days doubled 1982–2016; 87% attributed to human-induced warming; 2023 set records.

Marine ice cliff instability

Marine ice cliff instability (MICI) is a proposed mechanism in which tall Antarctic ice cliffs collapse under their own weight, potentially adding over 1 m of sea-level rise by 2100.

Marine isotope stage

A marine isotope stage (MIS) is a numbered interval of Quaternary time defined by oxygen isotope ratios in deep-sea cores, marking alternating warm and cold periods.

Marine Isotope Stage 3

Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) is an intermediate climatic stage of the last glacial period, roughly 57,000 to 29,000 years ago, known for abrupt Dansgaard–Oeschger warmings.

Oct 21, 2026

Marine Research Aquarium

Marine Research Aquarium: name shared by research aquarium facilities, notably ICAR-CMFRI aquaria at Calicut and Sagarika Vizhinjam in Kerala, the Sea Point aquarium in Cape Town, and the Australian Antarctic Division krill aquarium in Tasmania.

Marine reservoir effect

The marine reservoir effect is the apparent extra age, typically about 400 years, of marine organisms in radiocarbon dating because oceans are depleted in carbon-14.

Marine stratocumulus clouds

Marine stratocumulus clouds are low, layered clouds over the oceans that cover more of Earth's surface than any other cloud type and strongly reflect sunlight, making them a leading source of uncertainty in climate prediction.

Marine terrace

A marine terrace is a flat, step-like coastal landform formed as wave erosion and land uplift interact over hundreds of thousands of years, recording past sea levels and earthquakes.

Sep 20, 2026

Marinella Mazzanti

Marinella Mazzanti is an Italian inorganic chemist who founded the Group of Coordination Chemistry at EPFL in 2014 and reported the first molecular uranium catalyst converting nitrogen to ammonia.

Marinoan glaciation

The Marinoan glaciation was the younger of the two Cryogenian Snowball Earth glaciations, a global ice age ending near 635 million years ago and followed by cap carbonates.

Mario Acuña

Mario Acuña (1940–2009) was an Argentine-born American space physicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center who measured the magnetic fields of Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars.

Mario Amadori

Mario Amadori (1886–1941) was an Italian chemist, professor of pharmaceutical chemistry at the University of Modena, whose 1925 Amadori rearrangement, a key Maillard reaction step, is now studied in foods, diabetes, and aging.

Mario Betti

Mario Betti (1875–1942) was an Italian organic chemist whose 1900 three-component condensation, the Betti reaction, and early asymmetric synthesis work won praise from Nobel laureate Ryoji Noyori.

Mário G. Silveirinha

Mário G. Silveirinha is a Portuguese physicist working on metamaterials, plasmonics, and topological photonics, and a Full Professor at Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon.

Mario Hamuy

Mario Hamuy is a Chilean astronomer whose Calán/Tololo supernova survey contributed to the 1998 discovery of the accelerating universe; he won Chile's National Exact Sciences Prize in 2015.

Mario Leclerc

Mario Leclerc is a Canadian chemistry professor at Université Laval and a world leader in plastic electronics, known for conjugated polymers used in solar cells, LEDs, and DNA biosensors.

Mario Livio

Mario Livio, born 1945 in Bucharest, Romania, is an astrophysicist who studied supernovae at the Space Telescope Science Institute and wrote eight popular science books.

Mario Molina

Mario Molina (Mario José Molina, 1943–2020) was a Mexican atmospheric chemist who predicted in 1974 that CFCs destroy ozone, earning the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Mario Pieri

Mario Pieri (1860–1913) was an Italian mathematician, a major figure in the axiomatic foundations of geometry and arithmetic who reduced geometry's undefined terms to point and motion.

Mário Schenberg

Mário Schenberg, born Mário Schönberg, was a Brazilian theoretical physicist (1914–1990) who co-discovered the Urca process of stellar collapse and formulated the Schenberg–Chandrasekhar limit with Chandrasekhar.

Marion L. Jackson

Marion LeRoy Jackson (1914–2002) was an American soil scientist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison whose work in soil chemistry and clay mineralogy shaped how soils and clays are analyzed worldwide.

Marisa C. Kozlowski

Marisa C. Kozlowski is an American organic chemist at the University of Pennsylvania, known for asymmetric catalyst design and oxidative coupling, and editor-in-chief of Organic Letters since 2021.

Marissa Weichman

Marissa L. Weichman is an American experimental physical chemist and assistant professor of chemistry at Princeton University who uses light-based spectroscopy to observe reaction transition states and steer molecular processes.

Oct 21, 2026

Marital Status

Marital status is a demographic parameter classifying people as married, never married, divorced, widowed, or separated, used in censuses and surveys such as the US ACS and MeSH descriptor D017533, and studied as a health and mortality correlate.