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Neural network decoder for surface codes
A neural network decoder for surface codes is a machine learning model that infers logical errors in quantum error correction, an alternative to classical matching decoders.
Neural network potential
A neural network potential is a machine-learned surrogate for the potential-energy surface, mapping atomic structure to energy and forces at DFT-like accuracy for thousands of atoms.
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation, also called brain waves, is rhythmic synchronized electrical activity in neural tissue spanning roughly 0.01 to 200 Hz across at least ten classes.
Neural posterior estimation
Neural posterior estimation (NPE) is a simulation-based Bayesian method that trains a neural density estimator on simulated parameter–data pairs to approximate posteriors without a likelihood function.
Neural-network quantum states
Neural-network quantum states (NQS) are representations of quantum many-body wave functions parameterized by artificial neural networks, introduced by Carleo and Troyer in 2016 to compress exponentially large wave functions.
Neural-network variational Monte Carlo
Neural-network variational Monte Carlo (NNVMC) represents quantum many-body wave functions with deep neural networks, optimized by variational Monte Carlo to solve the electronic Schrödinger equation from first principles.
Neuro-fuzzy
Neuro-fuzzy, also called a fuzzy neural network, is a hybrid intelligent system combining neural networks with fuzzy logic, whose landmark model is ANFIS from 1993.
Neurokinin A
Neurokinin A, also known as substance K or neuromedin L, is a mammalian tachykinin neuropeptide, 10 amino acids long, that excites neurons, dilates blood vessels, and contracts smooth muscle.
Neurokinin B
Neurokinin B, also known as neurokinin beta or neuromedin K, is a mammalian neuropeptide of the tachykinin family best known for its hypothalamic role in reproduction and body temperature.
Neurotensin
Neurotensin is a 13-amino-acid peptide, first isolated from bovine hypothalami in 1973, that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, modulating dopamine, and as a gut hormone regulating digestion.
Neurotransmitter receptor
A neurotransmitter receptor, also called a neuroreceptor, is a membrane protein that binds neurotransmitters and converts the binding into electrical or biochemical changes, mainly ionotropic and metabotropic types.
Neuston
Neuston is the community of organisms living at, on, or immediately below the air-water interface of oceans, lakes, and ponds, a term introduced by Einar Naumann in 1917.
Neutral current
A neutral current is a weak interaction mediated by the electrically neutral Z boson, in which particles scatter without changing charge or flavor; it was discovered at CERN in 1973.
Neutral red
Neutral red (C.I. Basic Red 5) is a synthetic phenazine dye that changes from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0 and stains cell lysosomes.
Neutral-atom tweezer shuttling
Neutral-atom tweezer shuttling is the technique of moving individual atoms, held in focused laser traps called optical tweezers, between locations in an array while preserving their quantum state.
Neutral-beam injection
Neutral-beam injection, also called neutral beam injection heating, heats fusion plasma by injecting energetic neutral atoms that cross the magnetic field; ITER's two injectors deliver 33 MW.
Neutralino
A neutralino is a neutral Majorana fermion predicted by supersymmetry, formed by mixing the bino, neutral wino, and higgsinos, and its lightest state is a leading WIMP dark matter candidate.
Neutralization (chemistry)
Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to produce a salt and water, such as hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
Neutrino
A neutrino is an electrically neutral fundamental particle with a small nonzero mass, known through three flavors, and the second most abundant particle in the universe after photons.
Neutrino astronomy
Neutrino astronomy observes cosmic neutrinos, which escape dense sources that block light, using huge detectors like IceCube, which discovered extraterrestrial high-energy neutrinos in 2013 and traced them to the blazar TXS 0506+056.
Neutrino Conference
The Neutrino Conference, officially NEUTRINO, is the biennial International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, recognized from 1972 at Balaton, Hungary, with preludes in 1965, 1968, and 1970, rotating worldwide.
Neutrino detector
A neutrino detector is an instrument that observes neutrinos, particles interacting only through the weak force; because interactions are extremely rare, detectors are massive and buried underground.
Neutrino mass (absolute scale and ordering)
The absolute scale of neutrino mass remains unmeasured; oscillation experiments fix mass splittings but not the overall scale, probed by KATRIN, cosmology, and neutrinoless double beta decay.
Neutrino oscillation
Neutrino oscillation, also called neutrino mixing, is the quantum-mechanical phenomenon in which a neutrino changes flavor as it travels; its discovery in 1998 earned the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Neutrinoless double beta decay (νββ)
Neutrinoless double beta decay (νββ) is a hypothetical radioactive decay in which a nucleus emits two electrons and no neutrinos, which would show that neutrinos are Majorana particles.
Neutron
The neutron is an electrically neutral subatomic particle that, together with the proton, makes up atomic nuclei, and decays outside them; it was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
Neutron activation
Neutron activation is the process in which nuclei capture neutrons and become radioactive isotopes, enabling neutron activation analysis, a highly sensitive elemental technique first reported by Hevesy and Levi in 1936.
Neutron activation analysis
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is an analytical technique that determines which elements a sample contains by irradiating it with neutrons and measuring the characteristic gamma rays emitted.
Neutron capture
Neutron capture, also called neutron absorption, is a nuclear reaction in which a nucleus absorbs a free neutron, forming a heavier isotope that usually emits gamma rays.
Neutron cross section
A neutron cross section is an effective area measuring the probability of a particular reaction between a neutron and a nucleus, expressed in barns of 10⁻²⁴ cm².