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Nuclear dimension
Nuclear dimension is a numerical invariant of C-algebras, introduced by Wilhelm Winter and Joachim Zacharias in 2009 as a noncommutative version of topological covering dimension.
Nuclear drip line
The nuclear drip line, also called the nucleon drip line, is the boundary beyond which nuclei cannot bind extra protons or neutrons; about 7,000 such nuclei are predicted to exist.
Nuclear effects in neutrino scattering
Nuclear effects in neutrino scattering are modifications to how neutrinos interact with nucleons bound in nuclei, including Fermi motion, RPA suppression, and two-particle–two-hole processes that bias oscillation experiments.
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
A nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP) is a burst of electromagnetic radiation from a nuclear detonation that can disrupt or destroy electronics far beyond the blast.
Nuclear equation of state
The nuclear equation of state (EOS) relates the energy, density, pressure, and composition of nuclear matter, and is central to modeling neutron stars, supernovae, and heavy-ion collisions.
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
Nuclear excitation by electron capture (NEEC) is a resonant process in which a free electron captured by an ion simultaneously excites its nucleus. Predicted in 1976, it still lacks conclusive experimental verification.
Nuclear fallout
Nuclear fallout, also called radioactive fallout, is the radioactive debris that falls back to Earth after a nuclear explosion, carrying hundreds of radionuclides that can travel worldwide.
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission, also called atomic fission, is the splitting of an atom's nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing energy. Discovered in 1938, it sustains chain reactions and powers nuclear power plants.
Nuclear fission product
Nuclear fission products, or fission products, are the highly radioactive nuclei, mainly lighter elements like cesium-137 and strontium-90, formed when heavy elements split in nuclear fission, along with their decay daughters.
Nuclear force
The nuclear force, also known as the residual strong interaction or nucleon-nucleon interaction, binds protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei; it is attractive at intermediate distances with a repulsive core below about 0.5 femtometers.
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion, or thermonuclear fusion, is a reaction where two light nuclei merge into a heavier one and release energy; it powers the Sun and stars.
Nuclear fusion reactions of fusion fuels
Nuclear fusion reactions of fusion fuels surveys the D–T, D–D, D–³He, and p–¹¹B reactions, their cross sections, energy yields, and ignition conditions, with D–T the easiest to ignite.
Nuclear incompressibility
Nuclear incompressibility is the resistance of nuclear matter to compression, measured by the coefficient K∞, about 240 MeV, a key parameter of the nuclear equation of state.
Nuclear isomer
A nuclear isomer, or metastable isomer, is an excited nuclear state persisting far longer than the usual microsecond, decaying by gamma emission; technetium-99m enables most nuclear medicine imaging.
Nuclear lattice effective field theory
Nuclear lattice effective field theory (NLEFT) is a computational method in nuclear physics that places nucleons on a spacetime lattice and uses Monte Carlo simulation to predict nuclear properties.
Nuclear level density
The nuclear level density is the number of excited quantum states of an atomic nucleus per unit excitation energy, first calculated by Hans Bethe in 1936.
Nuclear magic numbers
Nuclear magic numbers are the proton or neutron counts 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126 at which nuclei are unusually stable because a shell of nucleons is completely filled.
Nuclear magnetic moment
The nuclear magnetic moment is the magnetic dipole moment of an atomic nucleus, arising from the spin and orbital moments of its protons and neutrons and measured by magnetic resonance.
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance is a phenomenon and measurement technique in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb radiation at a specific frequency, used for molecular structure determination and medical imaging.
Nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry
Nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry is a non-invasive technique, usually using pulsed magnetic field gradients, that measures molecular self-diffusion coefficients in liquids, polymers, and porous materials.
Nuclear magnetic resonance logging
Nuclear magnetic resonance logging is a well-logging technique that measures hydrogen in rock pore space to determine fluids, porosity, and permeability, with tools lowered into the borehole.
Nuclear magnetic resonance of organoselenium and organotellurium compounds
Nuclear magnetic resonance of organoselenium and organotellurium compounds measures ⁷⁷Se and ¹²⁵Te spectra of carbon-bound species to assign structure and stereochemistry, with ¹²⁵Te shifts spanning about 5000 ppm.
Nuclear magnetic resonance of proteins
Nuclear magnetic resonance of proteins is a spectroscopic method that determines protein structures and dynamics in solution at atomic resolution by measuring the magnetic response of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen nuclei.
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum sensing
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum sensing detects NMR signals using quantum sensors, chiefly nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, enabling spectroscopy on samples down to a single proton.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or NMR spectroscopy, is an analytical technique that reveals the structure and dynamics of molecules from atomic nuclei in a magnetic field.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solids
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solids, or solid-state NMR, is an analytical method that determines the atomic-level structure and dynamics of solids, typically using magic-angle spinning to sharpen spectra.
Nuclear matter
Nuclear matter is an idealized infinite system of protons and neutrons interacting through the strong force alone. It underpins theories of finite nuclei, neutron stars, and supernovae.
Nuclear Microscopy
Nuclear microscopy, or nuclear microprobe analysis, images and measures elements at submicron level using focused MeV proton or alpha beams with simultaneous PIXE, RBS, and STIM; distinct from electron or X-ray microscopy.
Nuclear operator
A nuclear operator is a continuous linear operator between topological vector spaces written as an absolutely convergent sum of rank-one operators, a theory created by Alexandre Grothendieck in the 1950s.
Nuclear Overhauser effect
The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) is a change in an NMR signal from one nucleus caused by nearby nuclei, weakening with the sixth power of distance.