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Occupancy model
An occupancy model is a hierarchical statistical model used in ecology to estimate the probability that a species occupies a site, while separately estimating detection probability.
Occupancy modeling
Occupancy modeling is a statistical method in ecology that estimates the probability a species occupies a site from detection-nondetection survey data, while correcting for imperfect detection.
Occurrence and contamination sources of nitrosamines
Nitrosamines occur as trace contaminants wherever amines meet nitrosating agents such as nitrite, in cured meats, chlorinated drinking water, contaminated medicines, rubber, cosmetics, and wastewater, with endogenous body formation the largest source for most people.
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decline in seawater pH caused by the ocean's absorption of human-made carbon dioxide, making the ocean about 30% more acidic since 1750.
Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean
Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean is the ongoing decrease in seawater pH and carbonate ions caused by carbon dioxide uptake, amplified by cold water, sea ice melt, and freshwater input.
Ocean alkalinity enhancement
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a proposed marine carbon dioxide removal approach that adds alkaline minerals or solutions to seawater, letting the ocean absorb more atmospheric CO2.
Ocean bottom node (seismic)
An ocean bottom node is an autonomous seismic receiver placed on the seabed to record air-gun energy, offering wider azimuth and cleaner data than towed streamers.
Ocean carbon sink
The ocean carbon sink is the net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the ocean, which absorbs 25 to 30 percent of human-made CO2 emissions.
Ocean circulation
Ocean circulation: the wind-driven surface and density-driven deep movement of seawater, including the AMOC, which transports heat, carbon, and nutrients globally and regulates climate; the ocean absorbs over a quarter of carbon emissions and about 93% of excess heat.
Ocean color
Ocean color is the spectral distribution of visible light leaving the sea surface, measured from satellites to track chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biomass, and the ocean's role in the carbon cycle.
Ocean current
An ocean current, also called a sea or marine current, is a continuous stream of seawater driven by wind, density differences, and tides, carrying heat poleward and shaping climate.
Ocean data management and dissemination
Ocean data management and dissemination covers the practices, institutions, and standards for quality-controlling, archiving, and distributing oceanographic data, coordinated through the IODE program of UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
Ocean deoxygenation
Ocean deoxygenation is the loss of dissolved oxygen from the world ocean, driven by warming, altered circulation, and coastal eutrophication; the open ocean has lost about 2% of its oxygen since the 1960s.
Ocean Drilling Program
The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) was an international scientific partnership, run from 1985 to 2003 aboard the drillship JOIDES Resolution, that cored sediments and crust beneath the ocean basins.
Ocean fertilization
Ocean fertilization, also called Ocean Nourishment, is a proposed carbon dioxide removal technique that adds iron or other nutrients to the ocean to stimulate phytoplankton growth.
Ocean front
An ocean front is a narrow zone of sharp horizontal change in temperature, salinity, or density, separating two distinct water masses and concentrating pollutants and marine life.
Ocean general circulation model
An ocean general circulation model, also known as an ocean circulation model, is a numerical model that simulates ocean currents, temperature, salinity, and sea ice on a three-dimensional grid.
Ocean gyre
An ocean gyre, or oceanic gyre, is a large rotating system of surface ocean currents circling an ocean basin; five subtropical gyres occupy the major oceans.
Ocean heat content
Ocean heat content (OHC) is the total thermal energy stored in the ocean, which absorbs about 93 percent of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gases.
Ocean mixed layer
The ocean mixed layer is the turbulent uppermost ocean layer, nearly uniform in temperature, salinity, and density, through which the ocean exchanges heat, gas, and momentum with the atmosphere.
Ocean Networks Canada
Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) is a University of Victoria ocean observing facility operating cabled observatories NEPTUNE and VENUS plus Arctic monitoring, delivering free real-time ocean data online.
Ocean Observatories Initiative
The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is a National Science Foundation-funded network of over 900 ocean sensors in the Atlantic and Pacific, fully operational since 2016 with freely available data.
Ocean tracer
An ocean tracer is a dissolved substance whose measured concentration in seawater reveals the rates, pathways, and time scales of ocean circulation, mixing, and biogeochemical processes, most notably transient tracers such as CFCs.
Ocean ventilation
Ocean ventilation is the process by which young surface waters are injected into the ocean interior, carrying heat, carbon, and oxygen into the deep ocean.
Ocean-bottom node
An ocean-bottom node (OBN) is a cable-free seismic receiver placed on the seafloor that records data autonomously on battery power and is retrieved for download, offering wide-azimuth imaging advantages.
Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2) was an interval of widespread ocean deoxygenation at the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary, about 94 million years ago, during extreme global warmth.
Oceanic carbon cycle
The oceanic carbon cycle is the movement of carbon through the ocean, which holds about 40 times more carbon than the atmosphere and absorbs about a quarter of annual human CO2 emissions.
Oceanic climate
The oceanic climate, also called a marine or maritime climate, is a temperate climate type with cool summers, mild winters, and precipitation year-round, typical of western Europe and the Pacific Northwest.
Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the thin, dense basaltic layer beneath the oceans, formed at mid-ocean ridges and recycled at subduction zones, covering about 60% of Earth's surface.
Oceanic Niño Index
The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) is a NOAA index identifying El Niño and La Niña episodes from sea surface temperature anomalies in the central equatorial Pacific.