115 articles
Iceberg B-15
Iceberg B-15 was a tabular iceberg that calved from Antarctica's Ross Ice Shelf in March 2000, the largest reliably measured by satellite at about 11,000 square kilometers.
Icecap
Icecap (ice cap): a dome-shaped glacier mass under 50,000 km² flowing radially, distinct from ice sheets and ice fields; examples include Vatnajökull, Austfonna, and the Severny Island ice cap; Arctic ice caps lose 150–300 Gt of ice yearly.
Icecap depression
Icecap depression: gazetteer term (GeoNames code DPRG) for a comparatively depressed area on an icecap surface; classified under ice masses, distinct from isostatic bedrock depression beneath ice sheets.
Icecap dome
Icecap dome (ice dome): the dome-shaped central crest of an ice cap or ice sheet, from which ice flows outward in all directions; ice caps stay under 50,000 square kilometers, ice sheets only Greenland and Antarctica.
Icecap ridge
An icecap ridge is an elongated crest of ice on a dome-shaped ice cap, such as the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap. It is formed by central flows or glacial till.
Jakobshavn Glacier
Jakobshavn Glacier (Sermeq Kujalleq, Jakobshavn Isbræ) is West Greenland's fastest, largest outlet glacier, draining 6.5% of the ice sheet, disintegrating ice shelf in 2002, and ocean-temperature-paced retreat and 2016 re-advance.
Jostedalsbreen
Jostedalsbreen, Norway's largest glacier and the largest ice cap on the European mainland (458 km², 2019), an ice cap in Vestland county, western Norway; 81 outlet glacier units, Little Ice Age maximum around 1755, ongoing retreat and projected halving by 2100.
Juneau Icefield
Juneau Icefield: large plateau icefield in the Coast Mountains of Alaska and British Columbia, stretching 90 miles from Juneau toward Skagway; over 1,000 glaciers, accelerating ice loss since 2005, home of the Juneau Icefield Research Program since 1946.
Karpinsky Ice Cap
Karpinsky Ice Cap (Ледник Карпинского), also Karpinskiy Ice Cap, is a roughly 2,378 km² ice cap on October Revolution Island, Severnaya Zemlya, Russia; the Russian Arctic's third largest glacier complex, feeding Issledovateley Glacier and the Matusevich Ice Shelf.
Khumbu Icefall
Khumbu Icefall: broken section of the Khumbu Glacier on Everest's Nepal side between Base Camp and Camp I; moves up to 1 m/day, first crossed 1952, fixed each season by SPCC Icefall Doctors; 2014 avalanche killed 16.
Kluane Ice Cap
Kluane Ice Cap, or Kluane Icefields, is the large St. Elias Mountains icefield complex in southwest Yukon's Kluane National Park, covering about 80% of the park, feeding Kaskawulsh Glacier, and losing 20% of glaciated area in 50 years.
Langjökull
Langjökull ("Long Glacier") is Iceland's second largest ice cap, ~900 km² in the central western highlands. Two LIA advances (1400–1550, 1680–1890); 29% volume lost since 1890; hosts the man-made Into the Glacier tunnel.
Larsen Ice Shelf
Larsen Ice Shelf: ice shelf system on the eastern Antarctic Peninsula (Larsen A–D, Weddell Sea). Larsen A collapsed 1995, Larsen B 2002 via meltpond hydrofracture; Larsen C calved A68 in 2017.
Lyell Icefield
Lyell Icefield, Canadian Rockies icefield on the Continental Divide straddling Alberta and British Columbia; feeds the Southeast Lyell and Southwest Lyell glaciers; first described 1858 by Hector of the Palliser expedition.
Malaspina Glacier
Malaspina Glacier (Tlingit Sít' Tlein, "big glacier") in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska, is the world's largest piedmont glacier, about 2,400 km², surging, thinning over 1 m per year, and grounded largely below sea level.
Manson Icefield
Manson Icefield is a mountain icefield on southeast Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada, known for the highest concentration of actively surging glaciers in the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
Mer de Glace
Mer de Glace, largest glacier of the French Alps in the Mont Blanc massif above Chamonix; about 30 km2 and 11 km long, reached by the 1909 Montenvers train, with a famous annually re-excavated ice cave and rapid modern retreat.
Moltke Nunataks
Moltke Nunataks (Moltkenunatakker) are four north-south nunataks rising to about 500 m near the eastern Filchner Ice Front, Luitpold Coast, Antarctica; first mapped by Filchner's 1911-12 German expedition and named for General Helmuth von Moltke.
Monarch Icefield
Monarch Icefield: official name for a roughly 350 km² icefield in the Pacific Ranges, Coast Mountains, British Columbia, near Bella Coola; outlet glaciers include Jacobsen, Fyles, Deer Lake, and Purgatory, with documented Holocene advances and 1984/1986 Ape Lake outburst floods.
Moraine
Moraine: ridges or mounds of unsorted glacial till deposited by glacier ice; types include terminal, lateral, medial, recessional, ground, push, and lodge moraines, marking former ice margins.
Mount Brown Icefield
Mount Brown Icefield, an official icefield and glacier at 2,455 m on the British Columbia-Alberta boundary near Athabasca Pass, named for Mount Brown, once reputed Canada's highest peak.
Müller Ice Cap
Müller Ice Cap is an ice cap on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada, named for glaciologist Fritz Müller, who led its first intensive study in 1959–1962.
Mýrdalsjökull
Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland's fourth largest ice cap (598 km², ~140 km³ in 1991; 510 km² in 2023), covers the Katla volcano on the south coast, source of jökulhlaups and rapid 1994–2010 mass loss.
Negribreen
Negribreen, a ~40 km tidewater glacier in central eastern Svalbard draining into Storfjorden, surged in 1935-1936 and again from 2015-2016, reaching over 25 m/day, one of Svalbard's fastest-flowing glaciers.
North Ellesmere Ice Cap
North Ellesmere Ice Cap: the ice cover of northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, dominated by the Northern Ellesmere Icefield, Agassiz Ice Cap, and Prince of Wales Icefield, with rapidly shrinking small Hazen Plateau ice caps such as St Patrick Bay.
Northern Patagonian Ice Field
The Northern Patagonian Ice Field, or Campo de Hielo Patagónico Norte, is a temperate ice cap in Chilean Patagonia covering about 3,700 km², with some 30 major outlet glaciers.
Oceana Nunatak
Oceana Nunatak, one of the sixteen Seal Nunataks, is a volcanic peak at the NW corner of Robertson Island off the east Antarctic Peninsula (65°08'S 59°48'W), discovered by C.A. Larsen in December 1893 and named for the Hamburg Oceana Co.
Pemberton Icefield
Pemberton Icefield (Pemberton Icecap), a roughly 300 km² icefield in the Pacific Ranges of British Columbia's Coast Mountains southwest of Pemberton; outlet glaciers retreated up to nearly 3 km by 2002 and about 42% of its area was lost between 1985 and 2025.
Penny Ice Cap
Penny Ice Cap, a ~5,900 km2 remnant of the Laurentide Ice Sheet on Baffin Island's Cumberland Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada's southernmost major ice cap, with a firn zone, ice-core climate record, and accelerating mass loss.
Perito Moreno Glacier
Perito Moreno Glacier (Glaciar Perito Moreno), a 260 km2 freshwater-calving glacier in Los Glaciares National Park, Patagonia, Argentina; stable for a century until 2018, now retreating rapidly.