Parks, protected areas, and geographic heritage sites

Cuatrociénegas Biosphere Reserve

Cuatrociénegas Biosphere Reserve (APFF Cuatrociénegas), a UNESCO MaB and Ramsar desert wetland in Coahuila, Mexico, decreed 1994, 84,347 ha, famed for gypsum dunes, stromatolites, and North America's highest endemism, now losing pozas to agricultural groundwater extraction.

Cuchilla del Toa Biosphere Reserve

Cuchillas del Toa Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la Biosfera Cuchillas del Toa), a UNESCO MAB reserve in north-eastern Cuba designated 1987, covering 208,305 ha of the Sagua-Baracoa mountains and Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Cuenca Embalse Arenal

Cuenca Embalse Arenal is a Ramsar wetland of international importance in north-central Costa Rica, designated in 2000 and covering 67,296 hectares around Lake Arenal, the country's largest reservoir, built for hydroelectric power and irrigation.

Cuencas Altas de los Rios Manzanares, Lozoya y Guadarrama Biosphere Reserve

Cuencas Altas de los Ríos Manzanares, Lozoya y Guadarrama Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO MAB site in the Community of Madrid, Spain, designated 1992 as Cuenca Alta del Río Manzanares and extended and renamed in 2019, covering about 105,654 ha from Madrid's edge to the Sierra de Guadarrama.

Cuetlajuchitlan

Cuetlajuchitlan (Cuetlajuchitlán), locally Los Querende, is a preurban Mesoamerican archaeological site in northwestern Guerrero, Mexico, occupied from about 800 BC to 300 AD and known for carved pink stone columns.

Cuilcagh Lakelands UNESCO Global Geopark

Cuilcagh Lakelands UNESCO Global Geopark, formerly Marble Arch Caves Geopark, spans Fermanagh and Cavan; the world's first cross-border geopark (2008), UK's first (2001), 178,100 ha, over 50 geosites.

Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands

Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands (Solovki, Соловки), a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1992: six White Sea islands with a 1430s monastery-fortress, medieval irrigation systems, prehistoric settlements, and the 1923–1939 Solovetsky Special Prison Camp memorials.

Cultural Heritage Sites of Ancient Khuttal

Cultural Heritage Sites of Ancient Khuttal, a UNESCO World Heritage serial property in Khatlon, Tajikistan, inscribed 12 July 2025: eleven sites of the medieval Khuttal kingdom, 7th-16th centuries, including Qalai Hulbuk palace.

Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act of 2015

A North Carolina law passed in July 2015 that bars permanent removal of public monuments without approval of the North Carolina Historical Commission, protecting Confederate monuments in practice.

Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley

Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley (د باميانو بودايي پژۍ), UNESCO World Heritage site in Afghanistan, inscribed 2003, eight sites, giant Buddhas destroyed by the Taliban in 2001, on the Danger List.

Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy

UNESCO World Heritage site (2012) in Bali, Indonesia: five rice-terrace landscapes and water temples covering 19,500 ha, managed by the 9th-century subak irrigation cooperatives under the Tri Hita Karana philosophy.

Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat

The Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat is a UNESCO World Heritage site in Iran's Zagros Mountains, inscribed in 2021, preserving the semi-nomadic agropastoral culture of the Hawrami Kurdish people.

Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces

The Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces is a UNESCO World Heritage site of irrigated rice terraces in Yunnan, China, farmed by the Hani people for 1,300 years.

Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake

Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake (Культурный ландшафт Кенозерья), a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed 2024 in Arkhangelsk Region, Russia: a relict peasant landscape of wooden churches, chapels with painted "heavens", and sacred groves.

Cultural Landscape of Khinalig People and “Köç Yolu” Transhumance Route

Cultural Landscape of Khinalig People and “Köç Yolu” Transhumance Route, a 2023 UNESCO World Heritage Site in Azerbaijan: Khinalig village, yaylaq and qishlaq pastures, and the 200 km seasonal migration route.

Cultural Landscape of Old Tea Forests of the Jingmai Mountain in Pu’er

World Heritage Site (2023, criteria iii and v) in Pu’er, Yunnan, China; also called Jingmai Mountain ancient tea forests. Blang and Dai understorey tea cultivation since the 10th century across 7,167.89 ha.

Cultural Landscape of Sintra

Cultural Landscape of Sintra (Paisagem Cultural de Sintra): UNESCO World Heritage site in Portugal, inscribed 1995 as the first cultural landscape, 946 ha plus 3,641 ha buffer, criteria (ii)(iv)(v), centered on Pena Palace and Romantic parks.

Cultural resource management

Cultural resource management (CRM), also called contract or compliance archaeology, is the professional identification, evaluation, and protection of archaeological and historic resources under laws such as the U.S. NHPA of 1966 and Section 106 review.

Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas)

Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas), a 2011 UNESCO serial World Heritage property of 17 components in Abu Dhabi, UAE, documenting desert sedentary occupation from the Neolithic, Bronze Age circular tombs, and Iron Age aflaj irrigation.

Cumania/Biraparach/Iouroeipaach

Cumania/Biraparach/Iouroeipaach: Biraparach (Iouroeipaach, Priscus; John Lydus) was a Persian-built Caucasian pass fortress, likely at the Dariel Pass, subsidized by Rome; Cumania (Comania) was the medieval Latin name for Cuman steppe lands.

Cumberland Falls State Resort Park

Cumberland Falls State Resort Park, near Corbin, Kentucky, is a state resort park around the 125-foot Cumberland Falls, known for its regular moonbow, CCC-era origins, DuPont Lodge, campgrounds, and a dedicated 1,294-acre nature preserve.

Cumbres de Monterrey Biosphere Reserve

Cumbres de Monterrey Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la Biosfera Cumbres de Monterrey), a 2006 UNESCO MAB site over Cumbres de Monterrey National Park in Nuevo León, Mexico; decreed 1939 and re-delimited 2000, with 1,368 species and about 70% of Monterrey's water.

Cunningham Falls State Park

Cunningham Falls State Park is a Maryland park near Thurmont in the Catoctin Mountains, created in 1954 and home to the state's highest cascading waterfall.

Curmiliaca

Curmiliaca: Roman road station in Gallia Belgica on the Amiens (Samarobriva) to Beauvais (Caesaromagus) road, named in the 3rd-century Antonine Itinerary, usually identified with La Neuville near Cormeilles, Oise, France.

Currawinya Lakes

Currawinya Lakes: Lake Numalla (fresh) and Lake Wyara (saline), 3 km apart in southwest Queensland's Currawinya National Park; Ramsar site since 1996, 151,300 ha, over 100,000 waterbirds, artesian springs, Budjiti cultural landscape.

Cursus

Cursus monuments are long, narrow Neolithic ceremonial enclosures of Britain and Ireland, built about 3600-3000 BC, up to 10 km long; the name comes from William Stukeley's 1723 chariot-race comparison.

Cursus Barrows (Burial Mounds)

Cursus Barrows: a group of about 18 Early Bronze Age round barrows on Amesbury Down near Stonehenge, Wiltshire, built around 2200 BC in a row parallel to the Stonehenge Cursus, with daggers, urns, and amber, shale, and gold beads found in three mounds.