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Antiaromaticity
Antiaromaticity is the destabilization that arises in cyclic, planar, fully conjugated systems holding 4n π electrons, the counterpart of Hückel's 4n + 2 aromatic rule, named by Breslow in 1967.
Antiarrhythmic agent
Antiarrhythmic agents are drugs for abnormal heart rhythms, grouped by the Vaughan Williams classes I–IV (sodium channel, beta-blocker, potassium channel, calcium channel blockers), extended in 2018 with classes 0 and V–VII; CAST showed class Ic drugs raise post-infarction mortality.
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), also called photodynamic inactivation or PACT, uses a light-activated photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria, mainly for oral and skin infections.
Antibalas
Antibalas, Spanish for "bulletproof," is a Brooklyn-based Afrobeat big band formed in 1997 by Martín Perna, a leading carrier of the Fela Kuti lineage outside Nigeria.
Antibes
Antibes (Antipolis in antiquity) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes, France, on the Côte d'Azur between Nice and Cannes; 77,637 inhabitants in 2023, Greek and Roman port origins, Vauban fortifications, Port Vauban, and the closed Marineland park.
Antibiogram
An antibiogram is a periodic, cumulative summary of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results from a defined patient population, guiding empirical antibiotic therapy before individual susceptibility results are available.
Antibiotic
Antibiotic: drugs that kill bacteria or stop their spread; ineffective against viruses. First was penicillin, discovered by Fleming in 1928; six main classes; resistance now affects 1 in 6 infections.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Antibiotic prophylaxis, also called antimicrobial or surgical prophylaxis, is preventive antibiotic use before procedures. Key facts: timed pre-incision dosing, single-dose courses, narrowed endocarditis indications.
Antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii refers to strains of the Gram-negative hospital pathogen A. baumannii that resist carbapenems; the CRAB form is a WHO critical priority and CDC urgent threat.
Antibiotic resistant Campylobacter
Antibiotic resistant Campylobacter: drug-resistant strains of the foodborne bacteria C. jejuni and C. coli, driven by gyrA and 23S rRNA mutations and CmeABC efflux, with common fluoroquinolone resistance and macrolides remaining the drugs of choice.
Antibiotic resistant Enterococcus
Antibiotic resistant Enterococcus, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), mainly E. faecium and E. faecalis, are hospital pathogens with intrinsic and acquired resistance via PBP5, van operons, and efflux, causing tens of thousands of US infections yearly.
Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli
Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (ESBL-E, CRE): E. coli strains resistant to antibiotics, a leading cause of resistant urinary tract and bloodstream infections worldwide, monitored by WHO GLASS and the TriCycle Protocol.
Antibiotic resistant Haemophilus influenzae
Antibiotic resistant Haemophilus influenzae: resistant strains of the respiratory pathogen H. influenzae, mainly via TEM-1/ROB-1 beta-lactamases and altered PBP3 (ftsI, BLNAR/BLPACR), driving rising ampicillin resistance worldwide.
Antibiotic resistant Helicobacter pylori
Antibiotic resistant Helicobacter pylori: stomach bacterium strains resistant to clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin and other eradication antibiotics via de novo mutations, driving falling eradication rates and guideline shifts to bismuth quadruple therapy.
Antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Gram-negative hospital pathogen carrying ESBL and carbapenemase (KPC, NDM, OXA-48) genes, resistant to last-line carbapenems worldwide, with hypervirulent ST23 lineages in all six WHO regions.
Antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or drug-resistant gonorrhoea (super gonorrhoea), strains resistant to all gonorrhoea antibiotic classes; ceftriaxone is the last first-line drug, with penA 60.001-mediated resistance spreading globally.
Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including MDR and carbapenem-resistant strains, is a high-priority WHO pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections; EU/EEA 2024 resistance was 29.4%, with OprD loss, efflux pumps, AmpC, and carbapenemases as mechanisms.
Antibiotic resistant Salmonella
Antibiotic resistant Salmonella: drug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica, including nontyphoidal serotypes and Typhi. Key facts: 1.35 million US illnesses yearly, NARMS surveillance since 1996, XDR Newport NDM-1, MDR Infantis, H58 typhoid.
Antibiotic resistant Shigella
Antibiotic resistant Shigella: drug-resistant strains of the shigellosis bacterium, from 1950s sulfonamide resistance in Japan to XDR strains resistant to ampicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and TMP-SMX with no approved oral treatment.
Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus, chiefly MRSA (meticillin-resistant S. aureus), is S. aureus resistant to beta-lactams via mecA/PBP2a; first identified 1961, tracked by GLASS and EARS-Net, a serious healthcare and community pathogen.
Antibiotic resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
Antibiotic resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus, PRSP/DRSP): pneumococcal isolates non-susceptible to one or more antibiotics, mainly via mosaic low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins; first seen 1965-1967, reduced by conjugate vaccines.
Antibiotic resistant Vibrio
Antibiotic resistant Vibrio: drug-resistant strains of Vibrio bacteria such as V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, which resist antibiotics via efflux, porin loss, target modification, and mobile genetic elements.
Antibiotic use in livestock
Antibiotic use in livestock (antimicrobial use in food-producing animals) covers therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promotion dosing; global use fell 5% to 97 mg/kg biomass in 2022, while restriction cuts resistance 10–15% in animals.
Antibiotic use in poultry production
Antibiotic use in poultry production is the administration of antimicrobial drugs to chickens and turkeys for growth, prevention, or treatment, begun in the United States in 1951.
Antibirth
Antibirth is a 2016 body-horror comedy, Danny Perez's debut feature, starring Natasha Lyonne as Lou, a drug user with a mysterious abnormal pregnancy; premiered at Sundance, released by IFC Midnight, 68% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Antibody
Antibody (immunoglobulin): Y-shaped immune protein with two light and two heavy chains that binds antigens. From von Behring's 1891 diphtheria antitoxin and the 1984 hybridoma Nobel to 162 approved monoclonal antibody drugs.
Antibody Formation
Antibody formation: the process by which B lymphocytes, activated by antigen and T-cell help, differentiate into plasma cells secreting immunoglobulins, with germinal-center somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination driving affinity maturation and memory.
Antibody humanization
Antibody humanization is a protein engineering method that rewrites a non-human antibody, usually a mouse monoclonal, to resemble a human one while keeping its antigen-binding specificity.
Antibody microarray
An antibody microarray is a protein microarray method in which many immobilized antibodies detect and quantify dozens of proteins in a biological sample in a single experiment.
Antibody secreting cell
Antibody-secreting cell (ASC), also called antibody-producing or immunoglobulin-secreting cell: a B-lineage lymphocyte comprising plasmablasts and plasma cells that secretes antibodies, identified by CD138/CD38 and measured by ELISpot or ALS.