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Antifungal protein
Antifungal proteins (AFPs): proteins that inhibit or kill fungi, spanning plant defensins, thaumatin-like proteins, and the small cysteine-rich AFP peptide family from Aspergillus giganteus and Penicillium; distinguished by disulfide-bonded beta structures, micromolar potency, and multimodal mechanisms.
Antifungal susceptibility testing
Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) is a clinical microbiology laboratory method measuring how well antifungal drugs inhibit patient fungal isolates, usually reported as a minimum inhibitory concentration.
Antigen
Antigen (antibody generator): any molecule that binds specifically to an antibody or is presented on MHC to T cell receptors; coined 1899; includes haptens, epitopes, immunogens; basis of vaccines and rapid antigen tests.
Antigen bead assay
An antigen bead assay is a multiplex immunoassay in which antigens are coupled to color-coded microspheres to detect and semi-quantify antibodies in serum, chiefly anti-HLA antibodies.
Antigen Presentation
Antigen presentation: display of peptide fragments bound to MHC class I (all nucleated cells) or class II (dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells) molecules for T-cell recognition; MHC restriction discovered by Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1996 Nobel Prize.
Antigen retrieval
Antigen retrieval is a histology pretreatment, introduced in 1991, that uses heat or enzymes to unmask epitopes hidden by formalin fixation so antibodies can bind in immunohistochemistry.
Antigen test
An antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test that detects viral proteins in nasal swabs, giving results in 10 to 30 minutes at home or point of care.
Antigen-presenting cell
An antigen-presenting cell, or APC, is an immune cell that shows antigens on its surface to T cells; the classical ones are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
Antigenic shift
Antigenic shift: abrupt replacement of influenza A hemagglutinin or neuraminidase via reassortment with animal influenza viruses, producing pandemic strains (1889, 1918, 1957, 1968, 2009); contrasted with gradual antigenic drift.
Antigone
Antigone (Ἀντιγόνη), Theban princess, daughter of Oedipus, heroine of Sophocles' tragedy of about 441 BC: she defies Creon's edict to bury Polynices and dies; the play became antiquity's and modernity's emblem of resistance.
Antigone (Sophocles play)
Antigone (Ἀντιγόνη), Sophocles' tragedy staged around 441 BCE, dramatizes Antigone's defiance of Creon's edict forbidding her brother Polyneices' burial, opposing divine unwritten law to state law, ending in her suicide and Creon's ruin.
Antigone of Epirus
Antigone of Epirus was a Macedonian Greek noblewoman, daughter of Berenice I, who married Pyrrhus I and was queen of Epirus until her death in 295 BC.
Antigone of Macedon
Antigone of Macedon was a 4th-century BC Macedonian noblewoman, niece of the regent Antipater, known as the mother of Berenice I and ancestor of Egypt's Ptolemaic dynasty.
Antigoneia/(Col. Augusta) Alexandria Troas
Antigoneia, later Colonia Augusta Alexandria Troas, ancient port city of the Troad in Turkey near Dalyankoy; founded by Antigonus I c. 310 BC, renamed by Lysimachus, Roman colony under Augustus.
Antigoni Buxton
Antigoni Buxton (Αντιγόνη Μπάξτον), performing as Antigoni, is a British Cypriot singer-songwriter born 1996 in London, daughter of Tonia Buxton, a Love Island 2022 contestant who represented Cyprus at Eurovision 2026 with "JALLA", finishing 19th.
Antigonish (poem)
Antigonish, popularly known as "The Man Who Wasn't There," is a short 1899 poem by William Hughes Mearns about an apparition on a stair, written for a Harvard play and published in the New York World in 1922.
Antigonish, Nova Scotia
Antigonish, Nova Scotia: small university town in northeastern mainland Nova Scotia, home of St. Francis Xavier University and the Antigonish Highland Games since 1863; 2021 census population 4,656.
Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Antigonus I Monophthalmus (Ἀντίγονος ὁ Μονόφθαλμος, c. 382–301 BC), the One-Eyed, Macedonian general of Philip II and Alexander the Great, satrap of Phrygia, king from 306, dominant Diadoch ruler of Asia, killed at Ipsus.
Antigorite
Antigorite is a soft green magnesium silicate mineral of the serpentine group, described in 1840 and named after the Valle Antigorio in Italy. It forms above about 250 °C and carries water deep into subduction zones.
Antigua
Antigua: largest island of Antigua and Barbuda in the eastern Caribbean, 280 sq km, volcanic-to-limestone geology, Ciboney settlement from 3100 BC, British sugar colony, Nelson's Dockyard UNESCO site, tourism economy, hurricane and sea-level-rise exposure.
Antigua & Barbuda Falcons
Antigua & Barbuda Falcons (ABF), CPL T20 franchise based at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, Antigua; founded 2024 replacing Jamaica Tallawahs; owned by Worldwide Sports Management Group; won maiden CPL title in 2026.
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda: twin-island Eastern Caribbean state (Antigua 108 sq mi, Barbuda 62 sq mi), independent from the UK in 1981, capital St. John's, parliamentary constitutional monarchy under PM Gaston Browne, tourism-led economy.
Antigua Guatemala
Antigua Guatemala (La Antigua Guatemala), colonial city in Sacatepéquez, Guatemala; former capital founded 1543, ruined by the 1773 Santa Marta earthquakes, UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979, known for Barroco antigueño architecture and Holy Week.
Antigua Labour Party
The Antigua Labour Party (ALP), today the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party, is the governing party of Antigua and Barbuda, founded in 1946 as the political arm of the Antigua Trades and Labour Union.
Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites
Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites, also Nelson's Dockyard at English Harbour, Antigua: a Georgian British naval dockyard founded 1725, built by enslaved Africans, UNESCO World Heritage inscribed 2016 under criteria (ii) and (iv).
Antihelium
Antihelium is the antimatter counterpart of helium, with antinuclei of antiprotons and antineutrons; even a single cosmic-ray detection could point to dark matter or antimatter domains.
Antihemophilic factor, pegylated (mw 20000) human sequence recombinant
Antihemophilic factor, pegylated (mw 20000) human sequence recombinant is rurioctocog alfa pegol (Adynovate/Adynovi), a 20-kDa branched-PEG B-domain PEGylated full-length recombinant factor VIII for hemophilia A, approved 2015, half-life 1.4-1.5x its parent Advate.
Antihemorrhagic
Antihemorrhagic agents (hemostatics, antifibrinolytics such as tranexamic acid) are drugs, factor concentrates, and dressings that stop bleeding; TXA cuts trauma mortality by 10% if given within three hours.
Antihero
Antihero: a protagonist in fiction, drama, or film who lacks traditional heroic qualities such as courage, honesty, and idealism; also called anti-hero. Distinguished from villains and tragic heroes; exemplified by Yossarian, Willy Loman, and TV figures like Walter White.
Antihistamine
An antihistamine, also called a histamine antagonist, is a drug that counteracts histamine during allergic reactions, used for rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis, and itching; second-generation drugs are preferred.