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Arbitrary waveform generator
An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) is an electronic instrument that produces user-defined waveforms by converting stored digital samples to analog voltages, used to test 5G, radar, and quantum systems.
Arbitrary-precision arithmetic
Arbitrary-precision arithmetic, also known as bignum arithmetic, is computation on numbers whose precision is limited only by machine memory, supporting integers, rationals, and floats in cryptography, computer algebra, and record calculations.
Arbitration
Arbitration: binding private dispute resolution by neutral arbitrators under party agreement. Also commercial arbitration. Key facts: US FAA 1925, New York Convention enforcement, UNCITRAL Rules 1976-2021, ICC and AAA institutions, empirical comparisons with litigation.
Arbitration and judicial settlement in international law
Arbitration and judicial settlement are international law's two binding forms of third-party dispute settlement: ad hoc tribunals chosen by parties versus standing courts with jurisdiction from law.
Arbitration of Adhruh
The Arbitration of Adhruh (تحكيم أذرح) was a failed 658 to 659 attempt to settle the First Fitna between Ali and Muawiya after the Battle of Siffin.
Arbitrum
Arbitrum is an Ethereum layer-2 blockchain platform developed by Offchain Labs; its main chain, Arbitrum One, is an optimistic rollup governed by the Arbitrum DAO.
Árbol adentro
Árbol adentro is the final book of poems by the Mexican writer and Nobel laureate Octavio Paz, published by Seix Barral in Barcelona in 1987.
Árbol del Tule
Árbol del Tule (El Árbol del Tule, ahuehuete, sabino) is a giant Montezuma cypress in Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico, the world's greatest-circumference tree: 36.2 m girth, 14.05 m diameter, over 2,000 years old by many estimates.
Arbor Biotechnologies
Arbor Biotechnologies is a Cambridge, Massachusetts biotechnology company founded in 2016 by CRISPR researcher Feng Zhang, using machine learning to find gene editing proteins; its lead therapy, ABO-101, is in Phase 1/2 trials.
Arbor Day
Arbor Day, a tree-planting holiday founded by J. Sterling Morton in Nebraska in 1872, first observed April 10, 1872 with about 1 million trees planted; National Arbor Day falls on the last Friday in April since Nixon's 1970 proclamation.
Arbor Investments
Arbor Investments is a middle-market private equity firm founded in 1999 with offices in Chicago and New York, investing exclusively in food, beverage, and related industries, with over 80 companies acquired.
Arbor Low stone circle
Arbor Low (Arbe Low), a Neolithic henge and large irregular stone circle on Middleton Moor, Derbyshire, Peak District; over 50 fallen limestone slabs, a cove, and nearby Gib Hill barrow; scheduled 1882, excavated 1901-1902 by H. St. George Gray.
Arbor Ventures
Arbor Ventures is a privately held venture capital firm headquartered in Hong Kong, founded by Melissa Guzy and Wei Hopeman, investing in early-stage Asian fintech and big data companies.
Arboreal salamander
Arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris), a large lungless plethodontid salamander of California and Baja California oak woodlands; climbs to 18 m, direct-developing, IUCN Least Concern, possibly two to three cryptic lineages.
Arboretum
An arboretum is a documented living collection of trees and woody plants grown for research, conservation, education, and display, with labeled specimens distinguishing it from a public park.
Arboretum Ventures
Arboretum Ventures is a healthcare venture capital firm founded in 2002 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, by Jan Garfinkle and Tim Petersen, with $1 billion under management across six funds.
Arborist
Arborist: a professional trained in planting, caring for, and maintaining individual trees; also called tree trimmer or tree surgeon. Key facts: ISA Certified Arborist credential (voluntary, ISO 17024-accredited), duties from pruning to risk assessment, ISA founded 1924.
Arbos
Arbos, wooden dexterity game by Armin Müller and Martin Arnold (M+A Spiele, 1999); 1-8 players place 16 branches and 25 leaves in a wobbling trunk; won the Spiel des Jahres Sonderpreis Kinderspiel 2000.
Arbovirus
Arboviruses, or arthropod-borne viruses, are viruses transmitted between vertebrate hosts by blood-feeding arthropods; well-known examples include dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika, threats to billions in tropical areas.
Arbroath
Arbroath Football Club, the Red Lichties, is a Scottish senior team founded in 1878, known worldwide for its record-breaking 36-0 victory against Bon Accord in 1885.
Arbury Road
Arbury Road is a street in north Cambridge, England, giving its name to one of the city's densest concentrations of Romano-British archaeology, excavated since the early 1950s.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
Arbuscular mycorrhiza is an ancient symbiosis, over 500 million years old, between most land plants' roots and soil fungi that supply phosphate and water in exchange for plant carbon.
Arbutamine
Arbutamine is a synthetic catecholamine developed as a pharmacologic stress agent for diagnosing coronary artery disease in patients unable to exercise, approved by the FDA in 1997.
Arbutus
Arbutus (madrones, strawberry trees) is a genus of 12 accepted evergreen Ericaceae species with red exfoliating bark, urn-shaped flowers, and berry fruit, native from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean to western Canada and Central America.
Arbutus unedo
Arbutus unedo, the strawberry tree (madroño, medronheiro), is a Mediterranean Ericaceae evergreen shrub or small tree with white urn-shaped autumn flowers and warty red fruits that ripen a year after flowering; used for medronho brandy, honey, and jams.
Arby's
Arby's is an American fast-food sandwich chain founded by brothers Leroy and Forrest Raffel in Boardman, Ohio, in 1964, known for slow-roasted roast beef sandwiches and Curly Fries.
ARC (Axiom/ARC Evals)
ARC, also known as ARC Evals, was an AI safety evaluation project inside the nonprofit Alignment Research Center, started in 2022, that tested OpenAI's GPT-4 and Anthropic's Claude before release.
ARC and SPARC
ARC and SPARC are related compact, high-field tokamak fusion devices designed by MIT and Commonwealth Fusion Systems: SPARC a net-energy demonstration, ARC a 400 MW power plant.
ARC benchmark
The ARC benchmark (AI2 Reasoning Challenge) is a question-answering evaluation of 7,787 grade-school science questions released by the Allen Institute for AI in 2018, split into Easy and Challenge sets.
Arc chute
An arc chute is a chamber in a circuit breaker that draws out, divides, and extinguishes the electric arc formed when the breaker's contacts separate under load.