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Thermal printing
Thermal printing, done by a thermal printer, creates images with a heated printhead on heat-sensitive paper or by melting ribbon ink, familiar from receipts, tickets, faxes, and barcode labels.
Thermal proteome profiling
Thermal proteome profiling (TPP) is a mass spectrometry method that measures the thermal stability of thousands of proteins to detect drug-target engagement in living cells.
Thermal pulse
A thermal pulse, or helium shell flash, is a periodic thermal runaway of the thin helium-burning shell in asymptotic giant branch stars of roughly 0.8 to 8 solar masses.
Thermal quantum field theory
Thermal quantum field theory, or thermal field theory, is quantum field theory evaluated at finite temperature, combining QFT with statistical mechanics and applied to cosmology and heavy-ion collisions.
Thermal radiation
Thermal radiation, also called radiant heat, is electromagnetic radiation emitted by matter because of its temperature, one of three heat transfer modes. It needs no medium and crosses a vacuum.
Thermal rectification
Thermal rectification is the asymmetric transport of heat along a structure, first observed by Starr in 1936 and forming the basis of the thermal diode for managing heat in electronics.
Thermal refugia
Thermal refugia are discrete patches of relatively cool water in rivers and streams where coldwater organisms like salmon and trout find relief from warm temperatures.
Thermal regime
A thermal regime, in stream ecology, is the characteristic pattern of water temperature in a river or stream through time, described by magnitude, variability, frequency, duration, and timing of temperatures.
Thermal reservoir
A thermal reservoir, also called a heat reservoir, is an idealized body in thermodynamics whose mass is so large it can take in or give out unlimited heat without changing temperature.
Thermal resistance
Thermal resistance is a measure of opposition to heat flow, defined as temperature difference divided by heat flow rate, with SI unit kelvin per watt.
Thermal response test
A thermal response test (TRT) is an in situ field test that applies a controlled heat load to a borehole heat exchanger to measure ground thermal conductivity.
Thermal runaway
Thermal runaway is a failure mode in which a cell generates heat faster than it loses it. In lithium-ion batteries it can drive cells to 800–1000 °C and ignite vented gases.
Thermal shift assay
A thermal shift assay (TSA), also called differential scanning fluorimetry or ThermoFluor, measures protein thermal stability by heating it and detecting unfolding with a fluorescent dye.
Thermal shock
Thermal shock is the cracking or failure of a material caused by rapid temperature change, which generates internal stress; it chiefly affects brittle materials such as ceramics and glass.
Thermal shock test
A thermal shock test is an environmental test exposing products to sudden transitions between extreme low and high temperatures, revealing failures such as solder joint cracks and PCB delamination.
Thermal spray coating
Thermal spray coating is a surface layer built by propelling heated metal, ceramic, or polymer particles onto a substrate, where they stack into a lamellar solid.
Thermal spraying
Thermal spraying is a family of coating processes in which heated metal or ceramic particles are sprayed onto a surface to build wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, or thermal barrier coatings.
Thermal state
A thermal state, or Gibbs state, is the quantum state describing a system in equilibrium with a bath at fixed temperature, with energy eigenstate populations following the Boltzmann distribution.
Thermal stimulation (geothermal)
Thermal stimulation is a geothermal reservoir enhancement technique that injects cold water so thermal contraction opens rock fractures, boosting well injectivity or productivity up to 40-fold.
Thermal transistor
A thermal transistor is a device that controls heat flow the way an electronic transistor controls current, with a small gate input producing a large, tunable change in thermal conductance.
Thermal wave imaging
Thermal wave imaging is a non-contact active thermography method that heats a material in a controlled way and uses an infrared camera to reveal subsurface defects like delaminations.
Thermal wind
The thermal wind is the vertical shear of the geostrophic wind, a key relation in atmospheric dynamics showing how horizontal temperature gradients control wind change with height.
Thermal-hydraulic analysis
Thermal-hydraulic analysis is the engineering discipline modeling fluid flow, heat transfer, and their interaction with structures in nuclear reactors, mainly through computer codes like TRACE and RELAP5.
Thermalization and scrambling of black holes
Thermalization and scrambling of black holes concerns the fast scrambling conjecture of Sekino and Susskind, under which black holes scramble information faster than any other system in nature.
Thermalized artificial spin ice
Thermalized artificial spin ice is an artificial spin ice array whose nanomagnets are thermally active during measurement, letting the array explore its energy landscape and approach thermal equilibrium.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter
A thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter is an organic luminescent molecule in which thermal energy converts non-emissive triplets into emissive singlets, raising OLED internal efficiency from 25% to 100%.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence photocatalysts
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) photocatalysts are metal-free organic molecules whose small singlet-triplet gap lets both excited states drive reactions, with 4CzIPN as the archetypal example.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) polymers are polymer emitters in which thermal energy converts triplet excitons into emissive singlets, letting OLEDs reach 100% internal quantum efficiency without noble metals.
Thermally conductive polymer composites
Thermally conductive polymer composites (TCPCs) disperse fillers such as boron nitride, graphite, or metal particles in polymers to dissipate heat in electronics, batteries, and 5G equipment.
Thermally conductive polymers
Thermally conductive polymers are polymers or composites engineered to conduct heat far better than ordinary plastics, typically around 0.1 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, and are used in heat spreaders and electronic packaging.