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Translation initiation factor 3
Translation initiation factor 3 (IF3, infC gene product) is a bacterial two-domain protein that binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, blocks premature 50S joining, and enforces start codon fidelity; its AUU start codon enables autoregulation.
Translation lookaside buffer
A translation lookaside buffer (TLB) is a small hardware cache in a processor's memory management unit that stores recent virtual-to-physical address translations, avoiding repeated page-table walks in memory.
Translation movement in the Arab Nahda
The translation movement in the Arab Nahda was the large-scale, mostly state-sponsored translation of European texts into Arabic, beginning in Egypt under Muhammad Ali Pasha in the nineteenth century.
Translation movement in Turkish literature
The translation movement in Turkish literature was an effort running from the nineteenth-century Tanzimat reforms to the state-run Tercüme Bürosu of 1940 to 1966, which translated over a thousand works.
Translation operator
The translation operator in quantum mechanics is a unitary operator that shifts a quantum state by a fixed distance, with the momentum operator as its generator.
Translation quality estimation
Translation quality estimation (QE) is a machine learning method that predicts the quality of machine-translated text without reference translations, scoring translations to flag, filter, or select them.
Translation State
Translation State, Ann Leckie's 2023 standalone Imperial Radch novel (Orbit; Nebula nominee, 2024 Hugo finalist), follows Enae, Reet, and the Presger translator Qven during a treaty renegotiation.
Translation studies
Translation studies: the academic field studying the theory, description, and application of translation, also called translation studies (TS). An interdiscipline founded on Holmes's 1972 paper, spanning linguistics, Skopos theory, cognitive and cultural approaches, translator training, and AI-era post-editing research.
Translation tradition in Hindi
Translation tradition in Hindi (अनुवाद परंपरा) is the practice and theory of rendering texts into and out of Hindi from the early medieval period to the present, now a university subject in India.
Translational elongation
Translational elongation is the phase of protein synthesis in which a ribosome adds amino acids one at a time to a growing polypeptide chain as it reads messenger RNA.
Translational profiling
Translational profiling is a set of molecular biology methods measuring which mRNAs in a cell are translated into protein, typically by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected fragments.
Translational regulator CsrA
CsrA (RsmA), carbon storage regulator A, is a 61-amino-acid homodimeric bacterial RNA-binding protein that represses or activates translation by binding GGA motifs in mRNAs, antagonized by CsrB/C sRNAs; not the sepsis-prediction CSRA or class-specific residual attention.
Translational research
Translational research, also known as translational medicine or translational science, is biomedical research that turns laboratory, clinic, and community observations into interventions improving human health.
Translational symmetry
Translational symmetry, also known as translational invariance, is the invariance of a physical system or its laws under a shift in position. Continuous symmetry implies momentum conservation via Noether's theorem.
Translationally controlled tumour protein
Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP, TPT1, p21/p23, fortilin, histamine-releasing factor) is a 172-amino-acid, highly conserved eukaryotic protein with intracellular cytoprotective and growth-regulating roles and extracellular cytokine-like activity in allergy and cancer.
Translations (play)
Translations is a 1980 play by Brian Friel, first staged in Derry by the Field Day Theatre Company and set in an Irish-speaking Donegal hedge school in 1833.
Translations of the Odyssey
Translations of the Odyssey: complete English renderings of Homer's Greek epic, from Chapman (1614) and Pope (1725) through Rieu, Fitzgerald, Lattimore (1965), Fagles (1996), Wilson (2017, first by a woman), and Mendelsohn (2025), differing in meter, fidelity, and diction.
Translesion synthesis protein REV1-like
REV1 (REV1-like) is a eukaryotic Y-family translesion synthesis DNA polymerase, a dCMP transferase using a protein-template arginine mechanism, best known as the scaffold recruiting Pol ζ and other TLS polymerases to DNA damage.
Translink (Northern Ireland)
Translink is the trading brand of Northern Ireland's publicly owned transport provider, running Metro and Ulsterbus buses and Northern Ireland Railways, including the Enterprise to Dublin.
Transliteration
Transliteration converts characters from one writing system to another script by script without translating words, distinct from transcription. Key systems include ISO 233, ISO 15919, ALA-LC, and BGN/PCGN; reversibility is a central design issue.
Translocase
Translocase: the GTPase enzyme moving tRNA–mRNA one codon through the ribosome during translation elongation; EF-G in bacteria, eEF2 in eukaryotes, EF4 catalyzing back-translocation.
Translocase of the outer membrane
Translocase of the outer membrane (TOM complex, TOMCC): the mitochondrial outer membrane protein entry gate, built on the Tom40 β-barrel with receptors Tom70, Tom22, Tom20; imports most nucleus-encoded mitochondrial precursors.
Transluce
Transluce, legally Clarity AI Research Inc., is an American nonprofit research institute founded in October 2024 that builds open-source tooling for interpreting and overseeing AI systems.
Translucent concrete
Translucent concrete, also called light-transmitting concrete, is a cement-based material with embedded optical fibers that pass light through it; the first block, LiTraCon, was made in 2003.
Transluminal trabeculotomy
Transluminal trabeculotomy is a microinvasive glaucoma operation that opens Schlemm's canal and the trabecular meshwork from inside the eye, using an illuminated microcatheter or blunted suture, to lower intraocular pressure.
Transmat
Transmat is an American techno record label founded in Detroit in 1986 by Derrick May, one of the city's first techno labels alongside Metroplex and KMS.
TransMedics
TransMedics is a Massachusetts medical-technology company whose Organ Care System keeps donor hearts, lungs, and livers alive outside the body through warm blood perfusion rather than cold storage; it went public on NASDAQ in 2019.
Transmembrane glycoprotein
Transmembrane glycoproteins are membrane-spanning proteins glycosylated in the ER and Golgi, with surface oligosaccharides; examples include integrins, NCAMs, and MHC molecules, mediating adhesion, signaling, transport, and immunity.
Transmembrane pressure
Transmembrane pressure (TMP) is the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the two sides of a membrane, the driving force in microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis.
Transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein is a protein that spans a biological membrane and mediates signaling, transport, and adhesion, occurring as α-helical bundles or β-barrels; about 20% of yeast proteins are transmembrane.