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Tumor burden score
The tumor burden score (TBS) is a prognostic metric combining maximum tumor diameter and tumor number into one score, proposed in 2016 for colorectal liver metastases.
Tumor control probability
Tumor control probability (TCP) is a radiobiological model estimating the probability that a radiation therapy course eradicates every clonogenic tumor cell, used alongside NTCP in treatment planning.
Tumor grafting
Tumor grafting is a bench biology method that transplants patient tumor tissue into immunodeficient mice, producing patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models that preserve the original cancer's features for drug testing.
Tumor lysis syndrome
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), an oncometabolic emergency from rapid cancer cell death causing hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia; defined by Cairo-Bishop criteria, risk-stratified, prevented with hydration, allopurinol, and rasburicase.
Tumor marker
A tumor marker, or tumor biomarker, is a substance made by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer, measured mainly in blood to help diagnose and monitor it.
Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment is the ecosystem of immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and molecules surrounding a tumor that shapes its growth, spread, and resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
Tumor mutational burden assessment
Tumor mutational burden (TMB), also known as tumor mutation burden, counts somatic mutations per megabase of tumor DNA; in 2020 it supported FDA approval of pembrolizumab for TMB-high solid tumors.
Tumor necrosis factor
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, TNFSF2): 17 kDa trimeric macrophage cytokine signaling via death-domain TNFR1 and survival-linked TNFR2; basis of the five-blocker anti-TNF drug class (~US $30 billion sales, 2022 estimate) and RIPK1-linked necroptosis research.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 associated periodic syndrome
TRAPS (familial Hibernian fever) is a rare autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disorder caused by TNFRSF1A mutations, causing recurrent fever episodes lasting 5-25 days with rash, myalgia, and eye inflammation, treatable with IL-1 blockers.
Tumor penetration of nanoparticles
Tumor penetration of nanoparticles is the transport of nanoscale drug carriers from tumor vessels through tissue to reach cancer cells deep within solid tumors, a key obstacle in cancer nanomedicine.
Tumor resection
Tumor resection is a surgical procedure that cuts out a tumor with a margin of healthy tissue and regional lymph nodes, the mainstay of curative cancer treatment.
Tumor Stem Cell Assay
Tumor Stem Cell Assay (tumor clonogenic assay, HTCA): soft-agar technique measuring tumor stem cell colony formation to test anticancer drugs in vitro; predicts resistance (~90%) far better than sensitivity (~57-62%).
Tumor suppressor gene
Tumor suppressor gene (antioncogene): a gene whose protein restrains cell growth; inactivation by mutation, deletion, or silencing, usually of both alleles (two-hit hypothesis), leads to cancer. Key examples: RB1, TP53, BRCA1, APC.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy is an autologous cell therapy for advanced solid cancer in which T cells from a patient's tumor are grown and reinfused.
Tums
Tums is an American antacid brand of chewable calcium carbonate tablets, created in 1928 by pharmacist James Howe, introduced 1930, made in St. Louis, now owned by Haleon, used for heartburn relief.
Tumu Crisis
The Tumu Crisis (土木之变) was the 1449 defeat and capture of the Ming emperor Yingzong by Oirat Mongol leader Ye Xian, after a dispute over tribute trade.
Tumuc-Humac Mountains
The Tumuc-Humac Mountains (monts Tumuc-Humac, Serra do Tumucumaque) is an upland area on the French Guiana–Brazil border, actually low hills rather than a mountain range.
Tumuli of Koninksem
Tumuli of Koninksem: two preserved Roman burial mounds (Hooge Tombe, Kleyne Tombe) in Koninksem, Tongeren-Borgloon, Limburg, Belgium, along the Bavay-Cologne Roman road; large mound over 30 m wide, 2nd century AD, protected since 1979.
Tumuli on Djebel Oulad Ali and Djebel Djerab
Tumuli on Djebel Oulad Ali and Djebel Djerab: a group of multiple funerary mounds on ridges in Algeria, recorded by Gsell's Atlas archéologique de l'Algérie and Barrington Atlas map 30 (site 3, grid B4), dated only broadly to pre-Roman or Roman times.
Tumulus
Tumulus (plural tumuli): artificial burial mound of earth or stone, also called barrow, cairn, kurgan (курга́н), or kofun (古墳); built from Neolithic times worldwide, from small British round barrows to the 400 m Daisen Kofun.
Tumulus aux Six Frères
Tumulus aux Six Frères, a Gallo-Roman burial mound near Dhuy in Éghezée, Namur, Belgium, on the Route des Six Frères (N942), covered with six linden trees tied to local legends.
Tumulus de Péré
Tumulus de Péré (tumulus C), Prissé-la-Charrière, Deux-Sèvres, France: a 115 m Middle Neolithic trapezoidal megalithic burial mound built in stages around an early cist and later passage dolmen, excavated 1995-2000, classified in 2025.
Tumulus KIII (Kerma)
Tumulus K III is one of ten monumental royal burial mounds at Kerma, Sudan, built in the Classic Kerma period when the city was capital of Kush.
Tumulus KX (Kerma)
Tumulus KX, also written K X, is one of the largest royal burial tumuli of Classic Kerma in Sudan, about 90 m across, holding up to 300 accompanying burials.
Tumulus of Avennes
Tumulus of Avennes (Tumulus d'Avennes), a Gallo-Roman burial mound of about AD 80 in Braives, Liège, Belgium, 11 m high, excavated in 1873 by Georges de Looz, protected since 1978.
Tumulus of Avernas
Tumulus of Avernas (Avernassetom), a Gallo-Roman burial mound near Avernas-le-Bauduin, Hannut, Belgium; 8 m high, 32 m diameter, flint-and-brick internal wall, excavated 1864 by Schuermans, found looted.
Tumulus of Marcinelle
The Tumulus of Marcinelle (French: Tumulus de Marcinelle), traditionally called La Tombe, is a Gallo-Roman burial mound in Marcinelle, Charleroi, Belgium, dating to the 2nd century AD.
Tumulus of Midas at Gordion
The Tumulus of Midas, also called the Great Tumulus or Midas Mound, is a large royal burial mound at Gordion, capital of ancient Phrygia, built around 740 BC.
Tumulus of Noirmont
Tumuli of Noirmont: two 2nd-century Gallo-Roman burial mounds at Cortil-Noirmont, Chastre, Belgium, about 6 m and 4.5 m high, excavated in the 1870s; finds including an amber shell, rock crystal lizard, and glass oenochoe are in Brussels.
Tumulus of Noville
Tumulus of Noville: a Gallo-Roman burial mound near Noville, Liège province, Belgium, listed in the Pleiades gazetteer and Megalithic Portal; distinct from Noville sites in Vaud (Switzerland) and Galicia (Spain).