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Turkish classical music
Turkish classical music, also called Turkish art music (Türk sanat müziği), is the makam-based art music that developed in the Ottoman court and dervish lodges.
Turkish coffee
Turkish coffee (Türk kahvesi) is a brewing method, not a bean: finely ground coffee boiled unfiltered in a cezve, served with foam and settled grounds. UNESCO-inscribed 2013; distinctive phytochemical profile; studied for cardiovascular effects.
Turkish conquest of Bengal
The Turkish conquest of Bengal (बख़्तियार ख़लजी की बंगाल विजय) was Bakhtiyar Khalji's seizure of Bihar and the Sena capital Nadia around 1204, serving Sultan Muhammad Ghuri.
Turkish crime fiction
Turkish crime fiction, or polisiye edebiyatı, is the tradition of detective, crime, and thriller writing in Turkish, beginning in 1884 with Ahmet Mithat Efendi's Esrâr-ı Cinâyât and led today by Ahmet Ümit.
Turkish cuisine
Turkish cuisine (Türk mutfağı) is Turkey's culinary tradition, formed from Central Asian meat-and-dairy roots, Anatolian grains, and Mediterranean produce, refined in Seljuk and Ottoman kitchens, with regional variety, sofra table culture, and UNESCO-listed keşkek and Turkish coffee.
Turkish Cypriots
Turkish Cypriots (Kıbrıs Türkleri), the Turkish-speaking Muslim community of Cyprus descended from Ottoman settlers after 1571, about 18% of the island's people, now living mostly in the Turkish-recognized north after the 1963 collapse and 1974 division.
Turkish delight
Turkish delight (lokum, from rahat-ül hulküm) is a starch-and-sugar jelly confection from Ottoman cuisine, codified in Turkey with moisture ≤16% and sugar ≥80%, made famous by Hacı Bekir and exported to Europe as Turkish delight.
Turkish folk poetry
Turkish folk poetry (Türk halk şiiri) is poetry in everyday oral Turkish using syllabic meter and quatrains, contrasting with the Persianized Divan tradition and including âşık minstrel verse.
Turkish ghulam corps
The Turkish ghulam corps (غلمان الترك) was the Turkic military household of the Abbasid caliphs, recruited from Central Asia and dominant from 833 to the mid-tenth century.
Turkish Grand Prix
Turkish Grand Prix: Formula One race at Istanbul Park (Intercity Istanbul Park), first held 2005, run 2005-2011 and 2020-2021, returning 2027-2031; Felipe Massa holds the record with three consecutive wins 2006-2008.
Turkish hip hop
Turkish hip hop is the rap scene of Turkey and its diaspora, born in Germany in the late 1980s and dominant in Turkish charts since 2017.
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Turkish invasion of Cyprus (20 July and 14 August 1974), launched after the Athens-backed coup against Makarios, seized 36.2% of the island, displaced 165,000 Greek Cypriots, and created the UN buffer zone dividing Cyprus since 1974.
Turkish Kurdistan
Turkish Kurdistan (Bakurê Kurdistanê) is the Kurdish-inhabited southeast and east of Turkey, home to roughly 15 million Kurds (15-20% of the population), mainly Kurmanji and Zazaki speakers, shaped by the 1984-2025 PKK conflict and the post-2024 peace process.
Turkish Land Forces
Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı), the land branch of the Turkish Armed Forces; command established 1 July 1949 in Ankara, NATO member since 1952, lineage traced to Mete Han's 209 BC army, with operations in Korea, Bosnia, Kosovo, Lebanon, and Afghanistan.
Turkish language
Turkish (Türkçe) is the official language of Türkiye and Northern Cyprus and the largest Turkic language, with about 200 million speakers; it adopted a Latin alphabet in 1928.
Turkish language reform
Turkish language reform (dil devrimi): Türkiye's 1928 switch from Arabic script to a Latin-based alphabet (Law No. 1353) and the post-1932 Türk Dil Kurumu campaign replacing Arabic and Persian loanwords with Turkish coinages, aided by the Sun Language Theory.
Turkish lira
The Turkish lira, also known as the Turkish pound or Yeni Lira, is the currency of Türkiye, divided into 100 kuruş and issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye.
Turkish locomotive classification
The Turkish locomotive classification is the numbering system used by TCDD. Steam locomotives use an axle-based code, while diesel and electric locomotives use a power-based code.
Turkish mafia
Turkish mafia: organized crime groups of Turkish origin in Turkey and the European diaspora, rooted in Laz migrant syndicates of early-20th-century Istanbul, historically dominant in the Balkan heroin route and now active in cocaine and methamphetamine trafficking.
Turkish makam
Turkish makam (makam, makamlar), the melodic-modal system of Ottoman-Turkish classical music: 53-tone Holdrian comma theory, seyir melodic progression, Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek codification, and core makams such as Rast, Hicaz, and Segâh.
Turkish National Movement
Turkish National Movement (Millî Mücadele): the Anatolian resistance organization founded after the 1918 Mudros armistice, led by Mustafa Kemal through the Amasya Circular, Erzurum and Sivas congresses, the National Pact, and the War of Independence, producing the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
Turkish Naval Forces
Turkish Naval Forces (Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı), the navy of Türkiye, NATO member since 1952. Strongest naval power in the eastern Mediterranean; sole major NATO navy in the Black Sea since February 2022 under Montreux; 31 warships under construction in 2025.
Turkish novel
The Turkish novel is the tradition of extended fictional prose in Turkish, which emerged in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-nineteenth century and became a leading modern genre.
Turkish occupation of northern Syria
Turkish occupation of northern Syria: since August 2016, Türkiye and its Syrian National Army proxy have held territory seized in Operations Euphrates Shield, Olive Branch, and Peace Spring, ruling some 1.4 million people through over 100 military sites amid documented abuses.
Turkish passport
The Turkish passport, also called the Turkey passport, is the travel document issued to citizens of Türkiye in six types under the 1950 Passport Law No. 5682.
Turkish Petroleum
Turkish Petroleum, Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı (TPAO), is Turkey's state-owned oil and gas exploration and production company, founded in 1954 and behind the Sakarya Black Sea gas discovery.
Turkish playwrights
Turkish playwrights are writers of staged drama in the Turkish language, a tradition beginning with İbrahim Şinasi's 1859 Şair Evlenmesi and continuing through republican playwrights who built a national repertoire.
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT, Türkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu) is Turkey's public broadcaster, founded 1 May 1964 under Law 359; first TV broadcast 1968; 18 TV and 17 radio channels in 41 languages; monopoly ended 1990.
Turkish satirical magazine tradition
The Turkish satirical magazine tradition, or mizah dergiciliği, is a continuous practice of humor magazine publishing in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire since 1870, combining cartoons and political satire.
Turkish science fiction
Turkish science fiction, known in Turkish as bilimkurgu, is the body of science fiction literature, film, and television produced in Turkish, expanding sharply after 2000.