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Baybars al-Jashnakir's usurpation and fall
Baybars al-Jashnakir's usurpation and fall (بيبرس الجاشنكير) was the seizure of the Mamluk sultanate by the amir Baybars al-Jashnakir, who reigned as al-Malik al-Muzaffar from 1309.
Baybars al-Mansuri
Baybars al-Mansuri (بيبرس المنصوري) was a Mamluk amir, dawadar, and historian of Egypt who died in 1325, fought the Crusaders and Mongols, and wrote the chronicle Zubdat al-Fikra.
Baybars I
Baybars I (الظاهر بيبرس) was a Turkic Kipchak slave soldier who became the fourth Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, reigning from 1260 until his death in 1277.
Baybars' campaign against the Assassins and capture of Krak des Chevaliers
Baybars' capture of Krak des Chevaliers (قلعة الحصن) was the 1271 siege in which the Mamluk sultan Baybars took the castle from the Knights Hospitaller after a month.
Baybaşin family
Baybaşin family: Kurdish-Turkish crime clan from Lice, Turkey, also called the Bombacilar; led by brothers Huseyin (life sentence, Netherlands), Abdullah and Mehmet; once controlled up to 90% of UK heroin.
Baybayin
Baybayin is the pre-Spanish abugida script of the Tagalogs and other Philippine groups, with 17 Doctrina Christiana characters, kudlit vowel marks, a Spanish-introduced virama, and the 1613/1625 UST documents; wrongly called alibata.
Baydu
Baydu (بایدو) was the sixth il-khan of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Iran, seizing the throne from his cousin Gaykhatu in 1295 and reigning about six months.
Bayelsa State
Bayelsa State is a Nigerian state in the heart of the Niger Delta, created from Rivers State in 1996, with its capital at Yenagoa and the Ijaw people as its heartland.
Bayer
Bayer AG, German life science company in Leverkusen with Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health, and Crop Science divisions; founded 1863, maker of Aspirin, acquired Monsanto in 2018 for $63 billion, inheriting the Roundup glyphosate litigation.
Bayer 04 Leverkusen
Bayer 04 Leverkusen, the Werkself, a Bundesliga club founded 1 July 1904 by Bayer AG employees and wholly owned by Bayer. First German champion in 2023/24, unbeaten (28W 6D 0L), with a 51-game unbeaten run and the 2024 DFB-Pokal.
Bayer designation
A Bayer designation, or Bayer letter, identifies a star by a Greek letter followed by the constellation's Latin genitive, introduced by Johann Bayer in his 1603 atlas Uranometria.
Bayer filter
The Bayer filter is a color filter array over a digital image sensor, arranging red, green, and blue filters so one capture yields a full-color image.
Bayer process
The Bayer process is the industrial chemical method for refining bauxite ore into alumina, patented by Karl Josef Bayer in 1888 and still used for nearly all the world's alumina.
Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste
The Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste, or Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, is a Munich academy of the arts founded by the Free State of Bavaria in 1948.
Bayerische Versorgungskammer (BVK)
Bayerische Versorgungskammer (BVK) is Germany's largest pension group under public law, managing twelve professional and municipal schemes for Bavaria, with about €122 billion in assets and 2.2 million insured members.
Bayerite
Bayerite (バイエル石) is a rare monoclinic aluminum hydroxide mineral with the formula Al(OH)₃, named in 1928 for metallurgist Karl Josef Bayer and first found naturally in the Hatrurim Formation, Israel.
Bayern-class battleship
The Bayern class was a class of four dreadnought battleships of the Imperial German Navy, armed with 38 cm guns and completed during the First World War.
Bayes A (genomic selection)
Bayes A is a Bayesian linear regression method for genomic selection, introduced by Meuwissen, Hayes, and Goddard in 2001, that gives each marker its own variance.
Bayes classifier
A Bayes classifier is a classification method that assigns an input to the class with the highest posterior probability given its features, computed with Bayes' theorem.
Bayes estimator
A Bayes estimator, or Bayesian estimate, is a decision rule minimizing posterior expected loss, depending on the chosen loss function and prior; squared error loss gives the posterior mean.
Bayes factor
The Bayes factor is the ratio of the marginal likelihoods of two competing statistical models, developed by Harold Jeffreys in 1935 to quantify scientific evidence.
Bayes risk
Bayes risk is the expected loss of a statistical decision rule averaged over a prior on the unknown parameter; the rule minimizing it is the Bayes rule.
Bayes' theorem
Bayes' theorem, also called Bayes' law or Bayes' rule, is a rule of probability theory that computes the probability of a cause given its effect from the reverse conditional probability.
Bayesian (yacht)
Bayesian was a 56-meter British-flagged sailing superyacht built by Perini Navi in 2008. She sank off Porticello, Sicily, in August 2024, killing seven, including tech entrepreneur Mike Lynch.
Bayesian active learning
Bayesian active learning is a machine learning method that picks unlabeled data points for annotation by how much each would reduce a Bayesian model's uncertainty, saving labeling cost.
Bayesian additive regression trees
Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) is a Bayesian nonparametric model for regression and classification that sums many small trees, introduced by Chipman, George, and McCulloch in 2010.
Bayesian calibration
Bayesian calibration is a statistical method that estimates a computational model's uncertain parameters by combining model outputs with observed data through Bayes' theorem, yielding posterior distributions rather than point estimates.
Bayesian channel estimation
Bayesian channel estimation recovers the state of a wireless communication channel by combining noisy pilot measurements with a prior model, underpinning MMSE, sparse Bayesian learning, and variational inference.
Bayesian clustering
Bayesian clustering is a statistical method that groups observations by fitting mixture or hierarchical models with priors, producing a full posterior distribution over cluster assignments and their uncertainty.
Bayesian convolutional neural network
A Bayesian convolutional neural network treats CNN weights as probability distributions rather than fixed values, so predictions carry uncertainty estimates for tasks like medical imaging.