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S. I. Hayakawa
S. I. Hayakawa (Samuel Ichiyé Hayakawa, 1906–1992) was a Canadian-born Japanese American semanticist who wrote Language in Thought and Action, led San Francisco State College, and served as Republican Senator from California from 1977 to 1983.
Semantic paradoxes
Semantic paradoxes are paradoxes arising from semantic notions like truth, reference, and definability through self-reference, the best known being the Liar paradox, studied since Eubulides in the 4th century BC.
Semiotics
Semiotics, also called semiology, is the study of signs and sign systems, founded independently in the late 1800s by Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure.
Sorites paradox
Sorites paradox (paradox of the heap), from Greek soros, heap; attributed to Eubulides of Miletus. Chain reasoning over vague predicates like 'heap' concludes no grains make a heap; responses include epistemicism, supervaluationism, and degree theories.
Sphoṭa (स्फोट)
Sphoṭa (स्फोट), "burst," is the Sanskrit grammarians' indivisible meaning-bearing linguistic entity, manifested by but distinct from speech sounds; developed by Bhartṛhari in the Vākyapadīya, opposed by Kumārila, Jayanta, and Śaṅkara.
Vakyapadiya
The Vakyapadiya, also known as the Trikandi, is a treatise of about 2,000 verses on the philosophy of Sanskrit grammar, composed by Bhartrhari around the 5th century.