5,963 articles
Independence of Brazil
Independence of Brazil (Independência do Brasil): separation from Portugal proclaimed 7 September 1822 by Dom Pedro I at the Ipiranga, following the 1808 court transfer and 1820 Porto revolution; consolidated by war, recognized by Portugal in 1825.
Independence of Zimbabwe
The independence of Zimbabwe was the transfer of power on 18 April 1980 to the newly named Republic of Zimbabwe, ending the white-minority Rhodesian state declared in 1965.
Independent State of Croatia
The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was the Axis puppet state of 1941–1945 under Ustaša leader Ante Pavelić, covering Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and part of Serbia, whose regime enacted Nazi-style racial laws and perpetrated genocide against Serbs, Jews, and Roma.
India in World War II
India in World War II involved the British government committing the nation without consultation, which reshaped the independence struggle and produced the Quit India movement in 1942.
Indian annexation of Hyderabad
Indian annexation of Hyderabad, or Operation Polo, the September 1948 police action by which India absorbed the Nizam's princely Hyderabad State after a year of failed negotiations, razakar violence, and a standstill agreement.
Indian Army during World War I
The British Indian Army of World War I (1914-1918) fought in France, East Africa, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Palestine, providing over 1.2 million men, 64,449 killed, and eight Western Front Victoria Crosses.
Indian Army during World War II
The British Indian Army of World War II grew from about 194,000 men in 1939 to over 2 million volunteers by 1945, fighting Japan, Italy, and Germany from Hong Kong to Italy, with its greatest victories in East Africa and Burma.
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great's Indian campaign (327–325 BC): Hindu Kush crossing, Battle of the Hydaspes against Porus, Hyphasis refusal, Indus descent, Gedrosian march, and its Indo-Greek legacy.
Indian Independence League
The Indian Independence League (IIL) was a WWII political organization of Indian expatriates in Southeast Asia and Japan, reconstituted in Tokyo in March 1942 under Rash Behari Bose and later led by Subhas Chandra Bose; it mobilized the diaspora, recruited and raised funds for the Indian National Army, and underpinned the 1943 Azad Hind proclamation.
Indian massacre of 1622
Indian massacre of 1622, also the Powhatan Uprising or Jamestown Massacre: coordinated March 22, 1622 attack by Opechancanough's Powhatan warriors killed 347 of about 1,250 Virginia colonists, sparing Jamestown after a warning, and opened the Second Anglo-Powhatan War.
Indian National Army (आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज)
Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj), INA: Japanese-sponsored force of 1942–45 raised from Indian POWs under Mohan Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose; known for the Rani of Jhansi Regiment and the 1945 Red Fort treason trials.
Indian National Army trials
Indian National Army trials (Red Fort trials, Azad Hind Fauj): British courts-martial at Delhi's Red Fort, November 1945 to May 1946, of Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sahgal, and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon for waging war against the Empire; sentences remitted, triggering mutiny and hastening British withdrawal from India.
Indian Ocean raid
The Indian Ocean raid, known to the Japanese as Operation C, was a Japanese carrier offensive against British forces in the Indian Ocean in March and April 1942.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny: uprising of Bengal Army sepoys and civilians against East India Company rule from Meerut, 10 May 1857, centred on Delhi, Cawnpore, Lucknow, Jhansi and Gwalior, ending Company rule.
Indigo revolt (নীল বিদ্রোহ)
Indigo revolt (নীল বিদ্রোহ, Nil Bidroha), also Blue Mutiny: 1859–60 Bengal peasant uprising against British indigo planters' dadon debt bondage; led to the 1860 Indigo Commission and Act.
Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971
Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971: Indian Navy operations in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal during the December 1971 war, including Operation Trident and Python missile attacks on Karachi, the blockade of East Pakistan, and the sinkings of PNS Ghazi and INS Khukri.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the second India-Pakistan war over Kashmir, began with the Rann of Kutch clashes and Operation Gibraltar, ended in stalemate, and produced the Tashkent Declaration of January 1966.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (13 days, 3–16 December) ended with Pakistan's surrender at Dhaka, about 93,000 prisoners, and the creation of Bangladesh from East Pakistan after Operation Searchlight and a 10-million refugee crisis.
Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts: recurring wars and crises between India and Pakistan since 1947, chiefly over Kashmir. Three full-scale wars (1947–48, 1965, 1971), the 1999 Kargil conflict, and the 2025 four-day war after the Pahalgam attack.
Indo–Pakistani air war of 1971
The Indo-Pakistani air war of 1971: the IAF-PAF air campaign of 3-16 December 1971, opened by PAF strikes on six Indian airfields, ending with the Dhaka surrender and Bangladesh's creation.
Indochina refugee crisis
The Indochina refugee crisis was the mass flight of about 3 million people from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia after the communist victories of 1975, including the boat people exodus.
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (Konfrontasi): Indonesia's undeclared 1963–1966 low-intensity war to crush the new Malaysian federation, fought on the Borneo border, ending with the 11 August 1966 Bangkok peace treaty.
Indonesian invasion of East Timor
Indonesian invasion of East Timor: Indonesia's 7 December 1975 invasion and 24-year occupation of former Portuguese Timor, causing up to 180,000 deaths, ended by the 1999 UN referendum and INTERFET, with independence in 2002.
Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
The Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, also known as the Indonesian Genocide or Indonesian Politicide, were an army-directed campaign that killed an estimated 400,000 to 500,000 alleged communists.
Indonesian National Revolution
Indonesian National Revolution (Revolusi Nasional), 1945-1949: Sukarno and Hatta's 17 August 1945 proclamation through Linggadjati, Renville, two Dutch offensives, and the 27 December 1949 Round Table sovereignty transfer.
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
The Indonesian occupation of East Timor lasted from the invasion of 7 December 1975 until October 1999, when a United Nations-supervised referendum rejected Indonesian rule, leading to independence as Timor-Leste in 2002.
Infighting in the Sinaloa Cartel
The infighting in Sinaloa Cartel is an armed conflict between Los Chapitos and La Mayiza, which began in September 2024 following the arrest of Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada.
Ingrian War
Ingrian War, also Russo-Swedish War of 1610-1617, was fought between Sweden and Muscovy during Russia's Time of Troubles. It ended with the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617), by which Russia ceded Ingria and eastern Karelia and lost Baltic access.
Insurgency
Insurgency: an organized armed movement seeking political change of a governing authority through violence, subversion, and guerrilla warfare; distinct from terrorism, countered by counterinsurgency doctrine; 65 active conflicts worldwide in 2025.
Insurgency in Balochistan
The Insurgency in Balochistan, also called the Balochistan conflict, is an armed separatist conflict between Baloch nationalist groups, chiefly the Baloch Liberation Army, and the Pakistani state.