41 articles
Ahar-Banas culture
The Ahar-Banas culture, also called the Ahar culture, was a Chalcolithic culture of Mewar in Rajasthan, India, known for copper metallurgy and dated about 3700 to 1800 BCE.
Amri-Nal culture
The Amri-Nal culture, also called the Amri or Nal culture, is an Early Harappan Chalcolithic culture of Sindh and Balochistan, Pakistan, known for its painted pottery.
Copper Hoard culture
The Copper Hoard culture is an archaeological horizon of northern India, defined by hoards of cast copper tools, weapons, and anthropomorphic figures, dating roughly 2600 to 1200 BC.
Daimabad bronzes
The Daimabad bronzes are a hoard of four cast copper figures, including a bull chariot, found in 1974 at Daimabad, the southernmost known Harappan site.
Daya Ram Sahni
Daya Ram Sahni was an Indian archaeologist who directed the first excavations at Harappa in 1921, leading to the identification of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Decline of the Indus civilization
The decline of the Indus civilization, also called the Harappan civilization, was the end of Mature Harappan urbanism after about 1900 BC, when its cities were abandoned.
Desiccation of the Ghaggar-Hakra river system
The desiccation of the Ghaggar-Hakra river system, also called the Sarasvati river desiccation, is the drying of a once-large river in north-west India and Pakistan.
Discovery of the Indus script
The discovery of the Indus script was John Marshall's 1924 announcement that seals from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro bore legends in an unknown script, revealing a lost civilization.
Ernest Mackay
Ernest Mackay (1880–1943) was a British archaeologist from Bristol who directed the Mohenjo-daro excavations from 1926 to 1931 and published Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro in 1938.
Establishment of the Indus colony at Shortugai
Shortugai was a Harappan trading and processing outpost on the Amu Darya in Takhar province, northern Afghanistan, founded by Indus-valley colonists and abandoned around the mid-2nd millennium BC.
Etched carnelian beads
Etched carnelian beads are carnelian beads decorated with white designs drawn in alkaline paste and fixed by heating, first produced in the Indus Valley in the third millennium BC.
Hakra Ware culture
Hakra Ware culture is a pre-Harappan material culture of the Ghaggar-Hakra valley, dated to the fourth millennium BCE and identified by its distinctive handmade pottery, first recognized at Jalilpur.
Harappan burial practices
Harappan burial practices are the funerary customs of the Indus civilization, attested in cemeteries of the Mature Harappan period, roughly 2600–1900 BC, with modest graves and no seals.
Harappan drainage
Harappan drainage is the urban sanitation and water-management system of Indus civilization cities from about 2600 to 1900 BC, using covered baked-brick street drains, private bathrooms, soakage pits, and wells.
Helmand culture
The Helmand culture, also called the Helmand civilization, was a Bronze Age culture of the Helmand valley in Iran and Afghanistan, centered on Shahr-i Sokhta and Mundigak.
Indus migration eastward
The Indus migration eastward was the relocation of Late Harappan settlement from the Indus plains toward the Yamuna, Ghaggar-Hakra, and Ganga plains around 1900–1300 BCE.
Indus seals in Mesopotamia
Indus seals in Mesopotamia are square Harappan stamp seals found at sites like Ur and Kish, carried west by Indus traders in the later third millennium BC.
Indus sign corpus
The Indus sign corpus, or Concordance of Indus inscriptions, indexes all known inscriptions in the undeciphered Indus script of the Indus civilization, about 2600 to 1900 BCE.
Indus Valley seals
Indus Valley seals, also called Harappan seals, are small square steatite stamp seals bearing animal motifs, most often the unicorn, with short undeciphered inscriptions, made ca. 2600–1900 BCE.
Indus weights and measures
The Indus weights and measures, also called Harappan weights, are the standardized system of cubical chert weights and linear measures used across the Indus civilization from c. 2600 to 1900 BCE.
Indus–Mesopotamia relations
Indus–Mesopotamia relations were the maritime trade network of the later third millennium BC linking the Indus civilization, called Meluhha in cuneiform texts, with Mesopotamia through Dilmun and Magan.
Interpreter of Meluhha
The interpreter of Meluhha (Sumerian eme-bal me-luh-ha-ki) was a Mesopotamian translation specialist for trade with Meluhha, widely identified with the Indus civilization, attested around 2200-2000 BC.
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer is an American archaeologist and anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison who has excavated the Indus civilization city of Harappa since 1986 and studies its crafts, trade, and writing.
K. N. Dikshit
K. N. Dikshit, full name Kashinath Narayan Dikshit (1889–1946), was an Indian archaeologist, Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1937 to 1944, and excavator of the DK area at Mohenjo-daro.
Kechi Beg phase
The Kechi Beg phase is a pre-Harappan ceramic phase of the Quetta valley in Balochistan, Pakistan, dated roughly 3800–3200 BC and defined by Kechi Beg ware.
Kot Diji phase
The Kot Diji phase, also called the Kot Diji culture, was an Early Harappan culture of the Indus region, dated roughly 3300 to 2600 BCE.
Kulli culture
The Kulli culture, also known as the Kulli complex, was an archaeological culture of southern Balochistan from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, contemporary with the Indus civilization.
Mandi hoard
The Mandi hoard is a cache of Harappan jewelry found by a farmer at Mandi village, Uttar Pradesh, India, in 2000, the largest ancient jewelry find in India.
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
The Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, or OCP culture, is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab in northern India, defined by ill-fired pottery coated with ochre.
Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
The periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation is the scholarly chronology dividing the Harappan civilization into Early, Mature, and Late phases, spanning roughly 3500–1300 BC.