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First Dynasty of Isin
The First Dynasty of Isin, also called the Isin dynasty, was a Mesopotamian dynasty founded by Ishbi-Erra that ruled from about 2017 to 1794 BC.
First Dynasty of Lagash
The First Dynasty of Lagash, or Dynasty of Lagash I, ruled the Sumerian city-state of Lagash in southern Mesopotamia from about 2500 to 2300 BC, ending with Urukagina.
First Dynasty of Ur
The First Dynasty of Ur was an Early Dynastic Sumerian dynasty of the city of Ur, whose founder Mesannepada reigned from about 2560 BC and overthrew Uruk's last king.
First Dynasty of Uruk
The First Dynasty of Uruk, the second dynasty on the Sumerian King List, comprises twelve largely legendary rulers of Uruk, including Enmerkar, Lugalbanda, Dumuzi, and Gilgamesh.
Foundation figures
Foundation figures are cast copper peg figurines of rulers or deities that Mesopotamian builders buried in temple and palace foundations, above all in Early Dynastic Sumer.
Foundation of Dur-Sharrukin
The foundation of Dur-Sharrukin was the creation of an entirely new Assyrian capital by King Sargon II, begun in 717 BCE at modern Khorsabad in northern Iraq.
Foundation of Nimrud (Kalhu) as capital
The foundation of Nimrud as capital, also called the refoundation of Calah, was Ashurnasirpal II's 879 BC rebuilding of ruined Kalhu as the Assyrian capital.
Foundation of the Eanna precinct at Uruk
The foundation of the Eanna precinct at Uruk was the successive monumental rebuilding of the goddess Inanna's sacred precinct at Uruk, Iraq, c. 3300–3000 BC.
Gal-Sal
Gal-Sal is a private individual of archaic Sumer named on a clay tablet of about 3100 BC as holding two slaves, a contender for the earliest known named person.
Gambulu
Gambūlu, also Gambulu, was an Aramaean tribe of the southern Babylonian marshes on the lower Tigris, attested chiefly in Neo-Assyrian royal records of the 8th and 7th centuries BC.
Garshana archive
The Garšana archive is a group of over 1,400 Ur III cuneiform tablets, looted and of unknown location, recording the household of general Šu-Kabta and princess Simat-Ištaran.
Geme-Ninlila
Geme-Ninlila was a royal woman of the Ur III dynasty known from cuneiform tablets at Puzriš-Dagan as a consort or concubine of King Shulgi, with her own business activity.
Gilgamesh and Aga
Gilgamesh and Aga is a Sumerian poem about Aga of Kish, son of Enmebaragesi, whose war on Uruk ends with his capture and release by Gilgamesh.
Gimillu
Gimillu was an official of the Eanna temple of Ištar at Uruk, an oblate and rent farmer active from 539 to about 535 BC, spanning the Persian conquest of Babylonia.
Gishakidu
Gishakidu (Gišakidu) was a ruler of the Sumerian city-state of Umma around 2385 BC, whose cone and vase inscriptions are the first documents recording the Umma–Lagash border conflict from Umma's own point of view.
Graeco-Babyloniaca
The Graeco-Babyloniaca are about 16 or 17 clay tablets, mostly of the late first millennium BC, transliterating Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform texts into Greek letters.
Great Prayer to Šamaš
The Great Prayer to Šamaš, also called the Shamash Hymn, is a 200-line Akkadian hymn to the sun god Šamaš, presenting him as the divine judge who sees all deeds.
Great Revolt against Naram-Sin
The Great Revolt against Naram-Sin, also called the Great Rebellion against Naram-Sin, was an uprising of Sumerian cities crushed by the Akkadian king in nine battles.
Great Summary Inscription of Sargon II
The Great Summary Inscription of Sargon II is a Neo-Assyrian royal inscription carved on palace wall slabs at Dur-Sharrukin, surveying his campaigns, including the capture of Samaria.
Gudea
Gudea was ensi (ruler) of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash in southern Mesopotamia around 2150-2125 BCE, remembered as a temple builder and known from many diorite statues and inscriptions.
Gudea Cylinders
The Gudea Cylinders, or Cylinders of Gudea, are two inscribed clay cylinders from Girsu, Lagash, narrating the building of Ningirsu's É-ninnu temple around 2120 BC.
Gudea's building of the Eninnu temple
Gudea's building of the Eninnu was the construction of the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu by Gudea, ruler of Lagash, in the late 22nd century BC.
Gudea's building program at Lagash
Gudea's building program at Lagash was the extensive temple building and restoration by Gudea, ruler of Lagash, c. 2144–2124 BC, centering on the Eninnu temple of Ningirsu at Girsu.
Gulkishar
Gulkišar was the sixth king of the First Sealand dynasty of southernmost Mesopotamia, placed in the 17th century BC and known from later king lists and a royal epic.
Gungunum
Gungunum of Larsa was a king of Larsa in southern Mesopotamia, the fifth ruler of the Larsa dynasty, who reigned 27 years, 1932 to 1906 BC.
Gutian conquest of Akkad
The Gutian conquest of Akkad, also called the Gutian capture of Akkad, was the takeover of southern Mesopotamia by Gutians from the Zagros Mountains at the end of the Akkadian Empire.
Gutian language
Gutian, also called Gutean, is the unclassified language of the Gutians, a Zagros Mountains people known only from names in Sumerian and Akkadian records of the later third millennium BC.
Gyges' tribute to Ashurbanipal
Gyges' tribute to Ashurbanipal was a payment sent to Nineveh in the mid-660s BC by Gyges, king of Lydia, after a dream promised victory over the Cimmerians.
Hablum
Ḫablum was a king of the Gutian dynasty of Babylonia, named in the Sumerian King List between Ibranum and his son Puzur-Suen, with a recorded reign of 2 years.
Hadanish
Hadanish, also rendered Hataniš, is the only king the Sumerian King List records for Hamazi, ruling 360 years after Kish was defeated; no contemporary inscription names him.