32,049 articles
Medieval field system
Medieval field system: the organized arable-field patterns of medieval Europe, especially English open fields with intermingled strips, two- and three-field rotation, mouldboard plough, peak in the 13th–14th centuries, later enclosure.
Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική ελληνική)
Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική ελληνική), also called Byzantine Greek, is the Koine-to-Modern Greek continuum to 1453, marked by diglossia between Atticizing learned and vernacular registers, loss of the infinitive, dative-genitive syncretism, and new future and perfect constructions.
Medieval household
A medieval household was the basic unit of residence, work, and authority in Europe from roughly the fifth to the fifteenth century, headed by one person.
Medieval India
Medieval India: the middle period of subcontinental history, c. 1200–1750 CE, covering the Delhi Sultanate, Deccan sultanates, and Mughal Empire; defined by a colonial tripartite periodization and debated historiography.
Medieval technology
Medieval technology: tools and techniques of Europe and Eurasia, c. 500-1500, spanning agriculture, water and wind power, clocks, military and construction innovations; also the historiography of Lynn White Jr.'s 1962 field-defining book.
Medieval warfare
Medieval warfare in Europe from the fifth to the fifteenth century used land-based recruitment and fortifications, with gunpowder becoming decisive in the mid-fifteenth century.
Medinet Habu king list
The Medinet Habu king list is a carved relief in Ramesses III's mortuary temple at Thebes, showing sixteen cartouches naming nine kings, modeled on the Ramesseum king list.
Medinet Habu reliefs of Ramesses III
The Medinet Habu reliefs of Ramesses III are carved war scenes at his mortuary temple in Thebes, Egypt, recording the Sea Peoples and Libyan wars.
Medini Rai
Medini Rai (मेदिनी राय), originally named Rai Chand, was a Purabiya Rajput chief who served as wazir of Malwa and died in 1528 defending Chanderi against Babur.
Medjed
Medjed (Mḏd, "The Smiter") is a minor ancient Egyptian deity of Book of the Dead Spell 17, depicted only in 21st Dynasty sources as an invisible conical figure, later a mascot-like character in Japanese anime, games, and Persona 5.
Medo-Persian conflict
The Medo-Persian conflict was the war between the Median king Astyages and Cyrus II of Persis, fought from about 553 to 550 BC, ending with Astyages's capture and the fall of Ecbatana.
Medri Bahri
Medri Bahri, meaning "the land of the sea," was a semi-autonomous polity of the Eritrean highlands under Solomonic emperors, ruled by the Bahr Negash from Debarwa.
Meeting at Mianchi
The Meeting at Mianchi (渑池之会) was a 279 BC diplomatic summit between Qin and Zhao at Mianchi, Henan, where minister Lin Xiangru preserved Zhao's standing.
Meeting of Kuiqiu
The Meeting of Kuiqiu (葵丘之会) was an assembly held by Duke Huan of Qi, remembered for the duke's arrogance and the defection of nine states.
Megabazus
Megabazus (مگابازوس) was a Persian general and noble under Darius I who, after the Scythian expedition, conquered Thrace, subdued the Paeonians, and made Macedonia a vassal kingdom.
Megalith
Megalith: a very large stone used in prehistoric monuments such as menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs; earliest European centers in northwest France (47th century BC); transport by rollers now doubted, glacial transport of Stonehenge bluestones refuted.
Megalithic Temples of Malta
Prehistoric monumental temple complexes on Malta and Gozo (Ġgantija, Ħaġar Qim, Mnajdra, Skorba, Ta' Ħaġrat, Tarxien), built in the 4th–3rd millennia BC, among the world's earliest free-standing stone buildings, UNESCO-listed since 1980.
Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης)
Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης), Ionian Greek diplomat c. 350–290 BCE, Seleucus I's ambassador to Chandragupta Maurya at Pataliputra; author of the lost four-book Indica, surviving only in fragments in Diodorus, Strabo, Arrian, and Pliny.
Megat Iskandar Shah
Megat Iskandar Shah (Malay: Megat Iskandar Syah; died 1423 or 1424) was the second ruler of Malacca, reigning from 1414, remembered as its first Muslim ruler.
Meghaduta
Meghaduta (मेघदूत, "The Cloud Messenger") is a Sanskrit lyric poem by Kalidasa in which an exiled deity sends a love message via a rain cloud.
Megiddo ivories
The Megiddo ivories are a hoard of 382 carved Bronze Age ivory pieces, furniture decorations, cosmetics items, and game boards, found in 1937 at Megiddo, northern Israel.
Megiddo Treasure
The Megiddo Treasure is a jewelry hoard found at Tel Megiddo, Israel, in 2010, hidden in a ceramic jug and dated to around 1100 BC.
Mehaa
Mehaa was a queen of ancient Egypt's Sixth Dynasty and a wife of King Pepi I, discovered through excavations of the queens' pyramids at South Saqqara.
Mehdigulu Khan Javanshir
Mehdigulu Khan Javanshir (Mehdiqulu xan Cavanşir) was the last khan of the Karabakh Khanate, ruling 1806 to 1822, when he fled to Iran and the khanate became a Russian province.
Meher Kapı
Meher Kapı (Meher Kapısı) is an Urartian rock inscription near Van, Turkey, listing 79 gods, carved for King Išpuini and Minua in the 9th century BCE.
Mehmed Bey of Aydin
Mehmed Bey of Aydin, also known as Aydinoghlu Mehmed Bey, was the founder and first bey of the Aydinid emirate in western Anatolia, ruling from 1308 until his death in 1334.
Mehmed II (محمد الثانى)
Mehmed II (محمد الثانى), the Ottoman sultan called Fatih the Conqueror (1432-1481), captured Constantinople in 1453 after a 54-day siege and built the centralized Ottoman state through kanunname law codes, cadastral surveys, and a hierarchical bureaucracy.
Mehmed III
Mehmed III (III. Mehmed, 1566–1603), thirteenth Ottoman sultan (1595–1603), son of Murad III and Safiye Sultan; executed nineteen brothers at accession, led the 1596 Eger campaign and won Mezőkeresztes, and was the last sanjak-trained sultan.
Mehmed IV
Mehmed IV, Avcı (the Hunter), Ottoman sultan 1648–1687, born 1642, son of İbrahim and Turhan Sultan; reigned from Edirne under Köprülü viziers, reached western territorial peak at Kamaniçe 1672, lost Hungary after Vienna 1683, deposed 1687.
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (محمد رشدی پاشا) was an Ottoman statesman who served five times as grand vizier, helped depose Sultan Abdulaziz in 1876, and died in 1882.