204 articles
A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English
LAEME, A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, is an electronic dialect atlas and tagged corpus of written English 1150–1325, compiled by Margaret Laing in Edinburgh as the sister project to LALME, with 167 tagged samples totalling about 650,000 words.
Abzakh Adyghe dialect
The Abzakh Adyghe dialect, also called Abdzakh dialect or Abzakh language, is one of the four traditional dialects of Adyghe, named after the historic Abzakh tribe.
Accent (sociolinguistics)
Accent (sociolinguistics): a manner of pronunciation tied to an individual, region, or social group, distinct from dialect which also includes grammar and vocabulary. Covers accent perception, adaptation, and documented accent bias in hiring, education, and speech recognition.
African French
African French (français d'Afrique): the varieties of French spoken across Africa. Covers colonial implantation through schooling, Manessy's continuum model, Mudimbe's africanisms, Kinshasa sociophonetics, and Wolof's rise in Senegal.
African-American English
African-American English (AAE, also AAVE or African American Language) is the umbrella term for English varieties spoken by African Americans, from Gullah creole to formal styles, with rule-governed features like habitual be and copula absence, a contested creole-versus-English origin debate, and documented bias against it in schools and AI systems.
Albanian dialects
Albanian dialects: Gheg (gegërishtja) north of the Shkumbin river and Tosk (toskërishtja) south, the two main varieties of Albanian. Gheg keeps nasal vowels and intervocalic -n-; Tosk rhotacizes it. Standard Albanian, proclaimed in 1972, is largely Tosk-based.
Alemannic German
Alemannic German (Alemannisch) is a group of Upper German dialects spoken in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Vorarlberg, Alsace, and south-western Germany, divided into Swabian, Low, Central, High, and Highest Alemannic.
Algerian Arabic
Algerian Arabic (Darja, Dziri) is the Maghrebi Arabic vernacular of Algeria, with Tellian, Saharan, and Hilalian varieties, a Berber substrate, heavy French borrowing, no official status, and limited standardization or NLP resources.
American Dialect Society
The American Dialect Society is a nonprofit scholarly society established in 1889 to research English dialects in North America. It publishes the journal American Speech.
Ancient Greek dialects
Ancient Greek dialects: the regional varieties of Greek (Attic-Ionic, Arcado-Cypriot, Aeolic, West Greek, plus Pamphylian) attested from Mycenaean Linear B until they levelled into the Hellenistic koine.
Andalusi Arabic (العربية الأندلسية)
Andalusi Arabic (العربية الأندلسية), also called Andalusian Arabic, was the Neo-Arabic dialect bundle of Muslim Iberia (al-Andalus), the earliest extensively recorded Arabic dialect, marked by n- first-person verbs, the -an linker, and Romance and Berber contact.
Anglo-Norman language
Anglo-Norman, also called Insular French or Anglo-French, is the medieval French variety brought to England in 1066, used in government and law until the mid-15th century, and a major source of English vocabulary.
Angolan Portuguese
Angolan Portuguese (português de Angola, angolês) is the Portuguese variety of Angola, shaped by contact with Bantu languages such as Kimbundu, official since 1975 independence, partially restructured and diverging from European Portuguese.
Ashkenazi Hebrew
Ashkenazi Hebrew (Ashkenazic, "Whole Hebrew") is the traditional Hebrew pronunciation and written language of Central and Eastern European Jewry, marked by qameṣ as o, taw as s, penultimate stress, and continued Haredi use.
Atlas linguistique de la France
Atlas linguistique de la France (ALF), dialect atlas by Jules Gilliéron and Edmond Edmont, published Paris 1902–1910 in 10 volumes; 639 communes surveyed 1897–1901, 1,421 complete maps, foundation of linguistic geography and dialectometry.
Attic Greek
Attic Greek (ἡ Ἀττικὴ διάλεκτος) is the dialect of Attica and Classical Athenian literature, an Ionic-Attic branch dialect marked by ττ spellings and ᾱ. Its Ionicized form became the koine and the basis of Modern Greek.
Austrian German
Austrian German (Österreichisches Deutsch) is Austria's national standard variety of German, codified by the Österreichisches Wörterbuch since 1951, marked by Austriacisms like Marille and Erdäpfel, distinct pronunciation, and Bavarian-based dialects.
Aymara dialects
Aymara dialects are the regional varieties of the Aymaran languages of the Andean altiplano, spoken by roughly 2 million people, mainly in Bolivia and Peru; they include Aymara proper and the smaller Jaqaru and Kawki.
Balti language
Balti (སྦལ་འཐུས་, بلتی), ISO 639-3 bft, is a Western Archaic Tibetic language of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, and Ladakh, retaining Old Tibetan consonant clusters without tone, written in Tibetan Yige and Nastaliq scripts, with four dialects.
Baltic German
Baltic Germans (Deutschbalten, Balten) were the ethnically German ruling class of present-day Estonia and Latvia for nearly 700 years from the 13th century, losing their status in 1918 and leaving in the 1939 resettlement.
Basque dialects
Basque dialects (euskalkiak): regional varieties of Basque across the Basque Country, Navarre and the French Basque Country; five current dialects per Zuazo, eight in Bonaparte's 1869 map, plus Standard Basque (batua).
Bavarian language
Bavarian (Bairisch) is a group of Upper German dialects with over 10 million speakers in Altbayern, Austria except Vorarlberg, and South Tyrol, divided into North, Middle, and South Bavarian, with no standard orthography and an 8th-century written tradition.
Belarusian dialects
Belarusian dialects are the regional varieties of Belarusian, an East Slavic language, traditionally divided into Northeastern and Southwestern dialects with Central Belarusian subdialects between them, spoken in Belarus and parts of neighboring countries.
Berlin German
Berlin German (Berlinisch, Berlinerisch) is the metrolekt of Berlin and Brandenburg, mixing High German grammar with Low German phonology (ick, wat, dit) and Berliner Schnauze; now declining, with Kiezdeutsch emerging and East Berlin retaining more dialect.
Biscayan dialect
Biscayan dialect (bizkaiera), the Western dialect of Basque spoken in Bizkaia, western Gipuzkoa, and northeastern Araba; the westernmost, most divergent Basque dialect, codified by Labayru Gramatika alongside Standard Basque (batua).
Bislama
Bislama is an English-lexified creole language of Vanuatu. Its vocabulary is mostly English, and it functions as a national language and lingua franca across the islands.
Bombay Hindi
Bombay Hindi (Bambaiyya Hindi, Mumbai Hindi, tapori language) is the contact variety of Hindi-Urdu spoken in Mumbai, based on Hindustani with a Marathi/Konkani grammatical frame, -ko datives like mereko, and heavy Marathi, Gujarati and Urdu borrowing, popularized by Hindi cinema.
Brazilian Portuguese
Brazilian Portuguese (português brasileiro) is the Portuguese variety spoken in Brazil by over 200 million people, one of two major norms of a pluricentric language, differing from European Portuguese in palatalized t/d, vowel reduction, clitic placement, word order, and vocabulary.
British English
British English (BrE) is the standard variety of English spoken and written in the UK, marked by Received Pronunciation, distinct vocabulary, grammar, and spelling from American English, and its global role in teaching and assessment.
British slang
British slang: the informal, nonstandard vocabulary of UK English, including cant, rhyming slang, backslang, and items like innit and wicked; documented from Harman's 1567 Caveat and Grose's 1785 dictionary to Green's Dictionary of Slang.