3 articles
Blackstone's ratio
Blackstone's ratio is William Blackstone's maxim from the Commentaries (1765-1769) that it is better that ten guilty persons escape than one innocent suffer, underpinning the presumption of innocence, with variant ratios from Fortescue's 20:1 to Maimonides' 1000:1.
Eye for an eye
Eye for an eye (lex talionis) is the law of retaliation from Hammurabi's Code, the Hebrew Bible, and Roman law, functioning as a proportional ceiling on punishment that later evolved into monetary compensation and modern sentencing proportionality.
Retributive justice
Retributive justice, or retributivism, is a punishment theory holding that wrongdoers deserve proportionate punishment and that inflicting it is intrinsically good; associated with Kant and Hegel, distinguished from revenge, and opposed to consequentialist deterrence theories.