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United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, established 1893 and renamed 1948, is the federal appeals court often called the second most important court; it reviews federal agency action (FCC, FERC, EPA, NLRB) and shaped Chevron deference and the hard-look doctrine.
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, also called CAFC, is the 13th federal appeals court, the only one defined by subject-matter jurisdiction rather than geography; it covers patents, international trade, government contracts, trademarks, federal personnel, and veterans' benefits from 1982 onward.