3,203 articles
Claus von Bülow
Claus von Bülow (Claus Cecil Borberg, 1926–2019), Danish-born socialite; convicted 1982 of attempting to murder heiress wife Sunny by insulin injection, conviction reversed 1984, acquitted at 1985 retrial; subject of Reversal of Fortune.
Clay D. Land
Clay D. Land is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Middle District of Georgia since 2001, appointed by George W. Bush.
Clear and present danger
Clear and present danger is a United States First Amendment doctrine, articulated by Justice Holmes Jr. in Schenck v. United States in 1919. It limits protected speech when threatening substantive evils.
Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States
Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States (Scott S. Harris, current Clerk): the Court's statutory administrative officer under 28 U.S.C. § 671, created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, managing dockets, filings, and Supreme Court Bar admissions, distinct from justices' law clerks.
Clifton L. Corker
Clifton Leland Corker is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Eastern District of Tennessee since 2019, appointed by President Donald Trump.
Clinton v. Jones
Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997), the Supreme Court case also called Jones v. Clinton: unanimous holding that a sitting President has no temporary immunity from federal civil suits for unofficial acts predating office, arising from Paula Jones's harassment claim.
Closed Chambers
Closed Chambers, Edward Lazarus's 1998 Times Books account by a former Harry Blackmun clerk of the 1988-89 Rehnquist Court's factional strife over death penalty, race, and abortion cases, and its clerk confidentiality controversy.
CM/ECF
CM/ECF (Case Management/Electronic Case Files) is the US federal judiciary's case management and electronic filing system, used by all federal courts except the Supreme Court; PACER is its separate fee-based public-access viewing side.
Code of Civil Procedure (India)
The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC), Act V of 1908, is India's principal statute on civil court procedure, in force since 1 January 1909, succeeding the codes of 1859, 1877, and 1882.
Colin McDonald (attorney)
Colin Michael McDonald, American federal prosecutor and first Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ's National Fraud Enforcement Division, confirmed 52-47 in March 2026; former San Diego AUSA and Hawaii public corruption prosecutor.
Colleen Kollar-Kotelly
Colleen Kollar-Kotelly (born 1943) is an American federal judge on the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia since 1997, in senior status since 2023, who handled the Microsoft antitrust case.
Colleen McMahon
Colleen McMahon (born 1951) is an American jurist serving as a senior United States district judge of the Southern District of New York, appointed by Bill Clinton in 1998.
Colleen R. Lawless
Colleen R. Lawless is an American jurist who serves as a U.S. District Judge for the Central District of Illinois. She was appointed by President Biden in 2023.
Colm F. Connolly
Colm F. Connolly is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the District of Delaware since 2018, appointed by President Donald Trump and chief judge since 2021.
Colorado Court of Appeals
Colorado Court of Appeals: the state's intermediate appellate court, 22 judges sitting in three-member divisions, initial jurisdiction over most trial-court and agency appeals, with discretionary Colorado Supreme Court review beyond.
Commerce Clause
The Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) grants Congress power to regulate interstate, foreign, and tribal commerce. Key cases: Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Wickard, Lopez (1995), NFIB v. Sebelius; includes the dormant Commerce Clause limit on states.
Commissions of inquiry in Canada
A commission of inquiry in Canada is an ad hoc body created by government under the Inquiries Act to investigate public concerns, with findings not legally binding.
Competition Act
Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34), Canada's federal competition statute, enacted 1986 replacing the Combines Investigation Act; enforced by the Competition Bureau, adjudicated by the Competition Tribunal, with private access and 2022-2024 amendments.
Competition Tribunal
The Competition Tribunal is Canada's specialist adjudicative tribunal for civil competition matters, created in 1986 under the Competition Tribunal Act to hear merger, abuse of dominance, and deceptive marketing cases.
Complaint
Complaint: the initiating pleading in a civil action, also called a declaration at common law; states jurisdiction, cause of action, and relief sought under FRCP 8, subject to Twombly-Iqbal plausibility and Rule 11.
Confrontation Clause
Confrontation Clause: the Sixth Amendment guarantee that a criminal defendant may confront witnesses against him. Also covers testimonial hearsay under Crawford v. Washington (2004), which overruled Ohio v. Roberts and requires unavailability plus prior cross-examination.
Conspiracy against the United States
Conspiracy against the United States, 18 U.S.C. § 371, the general federal conspiracy statute: agreement of two or more persons to commit a federal offense or defraud the government, plus an overt act, punishable by up to five years.
Constance Baker Motley
Constance Baker Motley was an American civil rights lawyer and federal judge who won nine of ten Supreme Court arguments and helped James Meredith integrate the University of Mississippi.
Constantin Stere
Constantin Stere (1865–1936) was a Bessarabian-born Romanian publicist, jurist, and politician, the ideologue of Poporanism, founder of Viața Românească, and president of Sfatul Țării during Bessarabia's 1918 union with Romania.
Constitutional Court of South Africa
The Constitutional Court of South Africa, established 1994 under the interim Constitution, is the country's highest court on constitutional matters, with 11 judges at Constitution Hill, Johannesburg, and landmark rulings including abolishing the death penalty.
Constitutional Court of Thailand
The Constitutional Court of Thailand (ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ) is an independent court ruling on the constitutionality of laws and officials. Created by the 1997 Constitution, it was replaced after the 2006 coup and reinstated in 2007.
Constitutional versus legislative courts doctrine
Constitutional versus legislative courts doctrine: US constitutional law distinction from American Insurance Co. v. Canter (1828) separating Article III courts with protected judges from Article I legislative courts such as territorial, military, and bankruptcy tribunals.
Consuelo B. Marshall
Consuelo Bland Marshall, born 1936, is a senior United States district judge for the Central District of California, appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980.
Consuelo M. Callahan
Consuelo M. Callahan, born 1950, is an American jurist serving as a judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals since 2003, appointed by President George W. Bush.
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (Act 68 of 1986) was India's law creating consumer councils and three-tier District Forum, State Commission and National Commission redressal; amended in 1991, 1993 and 2002; repealed by the 2019 Act from 20 July 2020.