780 articles
Surrogacy
Surrogacy (代孕) is an arrangement in which a woman carries a child for intended parents. Legal status varies worldwide: commercial surrogacy legal in parts of the US, Georgia, Colombia; altruistic-only in Canada, UK, India; banned entirely in China, France, Germany, Italy.
Surrogacy laws by country
Surrogacy laws by country: national rules on whether surrogacy is banned, altruistic-only, or commercial. No international treaty governs cross-border recognition; ECtHR Mennesson case law, HCCH project, and differing US, Italian, Greek, UK rules.
Swiss Code of Obligations
The Swiss Code of Obligations (Code des obligations) is Switzerland's federal statute governing contracts, tort, unjust enrichment, company law, and commercial registration, in force since 1 January 1912.
Syariah Court of Singapore
Syariah Court of Singapore: statutory court administering Muslim family law (marriage, divorce, property, maintenance) under AMLA 1966, established 1958; distinct from civil Family Justice Courts and from Brunei's Syariah Court.
Syariah Courts of Malaysia
Syariah Courts of Malaysia (Mahkamah Syariah) are the religious courts for Muslims in Malaysia's dual judicial system, based on Article 121(1A) and the State List, handling Islamic family and limited criminal matters alongside civil courts.
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (17 Cal. 3d 425, 1976) is the California Supreme Court duty-to-protect decision arising from Poddar's 1969 killing of Tatiana Tarasoff, the basis of psychotherapist duty-to-warn law across US states.
Tax refund interception
Tax refund interception, or tax refund offset, is the U.S. Treasury Offset Program's withholding of federal income tax refunds to pay delinquent child support, student loans, state income tax, and similar debts, run by the Bureau of the Fiscal Service.
Taxation of alimony
Taxation of alimony is how spousal support payments are treated for income tax: in the US, alimony is no longer deductible or taxable for post-2018 agreements.
Taylor Swift sexual assault trial
The Taylor Swift sexual assault trial (Mueller v. Swift, D. Colo. 2017): a federal jury found ex-KYGO DJ David Mueller groped Swift at a 2013 Denver meet-and-greet, rejected his $3 million interference claims, and awarded her symbolic $1 damages.
Tennessee Children's Home Society
Tennessee Children's Home Society, Memphis adoption agency run by Georgia Tann 1924-1950; placed over 5,000 children, many kidnapped, in black-market adoptions; closed after 1950 state investigation.
Terri Schiavo case
Terri Schiavo case: 1998-2005 US legal and political battle over removing the feeding tube of Theresa Marie Schiavo, a Florida woman in a persistent vegetative state; courts upheld removal; she died March 31, 2005.
Test Claimants in the Franked Investment Income Group Litigation v IRC
Test Claimants in the Franked Investment Income Group Litigation v IRC (FII GLO, 2003) is English group litigation by BAT, Ford and GKN group companies for restitution of ACT and Case V tax on foreign dividends held incompatible with EU law.
Third-party custody
Third-party custody is a court order giving a child's care to a non-parent, such as a stepparent, who must first clear a threshold showing against the parent.
Third-party standing in family proceedings
Third-party standing in family proceedings is the right of a non-parent, such as a grandparent or stepparent, to bring a custody or contact application at all.
Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
The Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (Dissolution of Marriage) Act 2019, passed by 82.1% in the 24 May 2019 referendum, removed the constitutional four-year separation requirement for divorce and changed recognition of foreign divorces.
Tickle torture
Tickle torture is prolonged non-consensual gargalesis, the intense laughter-inducing form of tickle, applied to restrained victims; documented in WWII reports, it can meet torture and battery definitions despite the victim's involuntary laughter.
Tickle v Giggle
Tickle v Giggle is an Australian Federal Court decision from 2024. It ruled that removing a transgender woman from a women-only app was unlawful gender identity discrimination.
Title (property)
Title (property) is the legal basis of ownership in property law: the right to own, use, and dispose of property, evidenced by deeds or certificates, held solely, jointly, or by entities, and proven via deeds registration or Torrens title registration.
Title insurance
Title insurance: one-time-premium policy covering past title defects such as forged deeds, liens, and missing heirs. Owner's vs lender's policies, state-regulated pricing (0.5-1% of price), $18.5B industry, and the attorney opinion letter alternative.
Tolkien Estate
Tolkien Estate: legal entities and family trustees managing J. R. R. Tolkien's literary copyright and trademarks, distinct from film rights sold to United Artists in 1969 and later held by Saul Zaentz and Embracer's Middle-earth Enterprises.
Tort
A tort is a civil wrong, an act or omission causing injury or harm to another for which courts impose liability, chiefly through monetary damages.
Tort law of Japan
The tort law of Japan, based on Articles 709 to 724 of the Civil Code, makes a person who negligently infringes another's rights compensate the damage.
Tort law of South Korea
The tort law of South Korea requires a person who willfully or negligently injures another to compensate the damages, governed by Articles 750 to 766 of the Korean Civil Act.
Tort Liability Law of the People's Republic of China
The Tort Liability Law of the People's Republic of China, or Tort Law, was the PRC's first comprehensive tort code, enacted in 2009 and effective 2010.
Tortious interference
Tortious interference, or intentional interference with contractual relations, is a common law tort covering wrongful interference with contracts or business expectancies, split by the 2020 Third Restatement into contract and economic-expectation torts with distinct elements.
Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales
Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748 (2005): Supreme Court case holding that a restraining-order holder has no due process property interest in police enforcement of the order, after Castle Rock, Colorado police failed to act on Jessica Gonzales's reports.
Tracing (law)
Tracing (law): the evidential process in English and Commonwealth property law for identifying substitutes and proceeds of misappropriated assets, spanning common law tracing into unmixed assets and equitable tracing into mixed funds.
Trademark attorney
Trademark attorney: a lawyer handling trademark clearance, USPTO registration, and enforcement. In the U.S., any bar-admitted attorney may practice before the USPTO; foreign-domiciled applicants must retain U.S.-licensed counsel.
Transmutation agreement
Transmutation agreement: written interspousal agreement changing property character (community to separate, separate to community, or between spouses' separate estates), governed in California by Family Code §§850 and 852(a), requiring an express written declaration accepted by the adversely affected spouse.
Trespass
Trespass: unauthorized entry onto another's land or intentional interference with property or person. Covers civil torts (trespass to land, chattels, person), criminal trespass statutes, necessity defenses, and history from English writs.