9,901 articles
African Human Rights Law Journal
African Human Rights Law Journal (AHRLJ), biannual peer-reviewed law journal on human rights in Africa, founded 2001, published by Pretoria University Law Press, diamond open access since 2013.
African Journal of International and Comparative Law
The African Journal of International and Comparative Law (AJICL, AfrJICL; ISSN 0954-8890) is a peer-reviewed, bilingual English-French law journal founded in 1989 and published since 2005 by Edinburgh University Press, covering public and private international law from a pan-African viewpoint, indexed in Scopus (Q3) and WoS ESCI.
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty
The African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, known as the Treaty of Pelindaba, prohibits nuclear explosive devices across Africa and entered into force on July 15, 2009.
African Union Mission to Somalia
African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM): AU peace support operation authorized by UNSC resolution 1744 (2007), deployed 2007-2022 against Al-Shabaab, succeeded by ATMIS (2022) and AUSSOM (2025).
African Union Transition Mission in Somalia
African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS): AU peace support operation replacing AMISOM on 1 April 2022 under Resolution 2628, up to 19,626 personnel fighting Al-Shabaab, drawdown phased through 2024, replaced by AUSSOM from 1 January 2025.
Age of consent
Age of consent: minimum legal age for agreeing to sexual activity, also called statutory rape law. Historically puberty-based, raised in England from 13 to 16 in 1885; today mostly 16–18, with close-in-age exceptions worldwide.
Age of consent in Mexico
Age of consent in Mexico: no single national age; state penal codes and the federal CPF set thresholds from 12 to 16 years (November 2018 distribution), with violación equiparada invalidating minors' consent and marriage fixed at 18.
Age of criminal responsibility
The age of criminal responsibility, also the defense of infancy, is the minimum age at which a child can face criminal prosecution, ranging worldwide from 7 to 18.
Age of majority
Age of majority: the legal age of adulthood, most commonly 18, when parental oversight ends and contractual capacity begins; historically 21 under English common law, lowered in the US, UK, and France in the 1960s-1970s; Japan and New Zealand use 20.
Age restrictions on energy drinks by country
Country-by-country minimum purchase ages for high-caffeine energy drinks: England bans sales to under 16s from April 2027, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and others use 18, Norway 16, Kazakhstan 21, while the US has no federal age limit.
Agent provocateur
Agent provocateur: an undercover state or private operative who infiltrates a group and incites illegal acts to discredit or prosecute it; French term, distinct from entrapment, documented from 19th-century Europe to the UK spycops scandal.
Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
The Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora are Antarctic Treaty conservation rules adopted in 1964, creating a permit system and protecting species and areas.
Agunah
Agunah (עגונה, 'chained woman'): a Jewish woman unable to remarry because her husband is missing and cannot be proven dead or refuses to grant a get; covers mesorevet get cases, halakhic remedies, Israeli sanctions, and denominational responses.
Ahed Tamimi
Ahed Tamimi (عهد التميمي), Palestinian activist born 2001 in Nabi Saleh; jailed eight months in 2018 after a viral slapping video, arrested again November 2023 and released in truce deal.
Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi
Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi (Abon Tourab), Malian head of Ansar Dine's morality police, directed the 2012 destruction of Timbuktu mausoleums; first ICC defendant charged solely with cultural heritage destruction and first to plead guilty, sentenced to nine years.
Ahmad ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad
Ahmad ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, known as hafid al-Shashi, was a Shafi'i jurist of Baghdad who taught at the Nizamiyya madrasa and died in 576 AH.
Ahmadu Bello
Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto (1909–1966), first Premier of Northern Nigeria and leader of the Northern People's Congress; great-great-grandson of Usman dan Fodio, architect of northernisation, killed in the January 1966 coup.
Aida M. Delgado-Colón
Aida M. Delgado-Colón, born in 1955 in Lares, Puerto Rico, is a United States district judge in Puerto Rico appointed by George W. Bush in 2006, serving as chief judge from 2011 to 2018.
Aiding and abetting
Aiding and abetting: criminal liability for knowingly assisting or encouraging another's crime, treated as a principal under 18 U.S.C. § 2; requires an affirmative act plus intent to facilitate, per Peoni and Rosemond.
Aileen Cannon
Aileen Mercedes Cannon (born 1981, Cali, Colombia) is a Trump-appointed U.S. district judge in Fort Pierce, Southern District of Florida, confirmed November 2020, known for the 2022 special master ruling and her July 2024 dismissal of the Trump classified documents case on Appointments Clause grounds.
Aileen Wuornos
Aileen Wuornos, born Aileen Carol Pittman (1956-2002), was an American serial killer and Florida sex worker who murdered seven men along central Florida highways between 1989 and 1990, confessed after her January 1991 arrest, lost her appeals, waived them, and was executed by lethal injection on October 9, 2002, in Starke, Florida, at age 46; her case inspired Monster (2003) and later Netflix documentaries.
Air gun laws
Air gun laws govern compressed-air weapons. UK: firearms above 1 joule, 12 ft-lb rifle and 6 ft-lb pistol limits, Scottish licensing; US: excluded from federal firearm law; Canada: 500 fps and 5.7 J thresholds.
Air rights
Air rights, or unused development rights, are legally transferable interests in the space above land, shaped by Causby (1946), conveyed by lease, fee, or easement, and traded as TDRs in New York and Mumbai.
Air transport agreement
Air transport agreement: the 1944 International Air Transport Agreement (Five Freedoms Agreement) signed at Chicago, and bilateral air services agreements exchanging freedoms of the air traffic rights.
Aircraft lease
Aircraft lease: contract letting an airline use an aircraft from a lessor. Also operating lease, finance lease, wet/dry lease (ACMI), sale-leaseback; over half of commercial aircraft leased, 69% managed from Ireland.
Ajamu Baraka
Ajamu Baraka (born 1953) is an American human rights activist and writer, founding executive director of the US Human Rights Network and the 2016 Green Party nominee for vice president.
Ajmer rape case
The 1992 Ajmer rape case, or Ajmer sex scandal, was gang rape and blackmail of over 100 schoolgirls aged 11-20 in Ajmer, Rajasthan, by 18 influential accused; final six convicted in 2024.
Akku Yadav
Akku Yadav (Bharat Kalicharan Yadav) was a Nagpur gangster and serial rapist lynched by about 200 women from Kasturba Nagar in Court No. 7 of Nagpur district court on 13 August 2004; 21 accused were tried and all acquitted in 2014.
Al Capone
Al Capone (Alphonse Gabriel Capone, 'Scarface'), American gangster who led the Chicago Outfit during Prohibition, bootlegging and gambling; convicted of tax evasion in 1931, imprisoned at Alcatraz, died 1947.
Al Cárdenas
Al Cárdenas (Alberto Remigio Cárdenas, born 1948, Havana) is a Cuban-American lawyer, lobbyist, and Republican strategist: Florida GOP chairman 1999–2003, American Conservative Union chairman from 2011, Tew Cardenas LLP co-founder.