9,901 articles
Junchen (军臣)
Junchen (军臣, 軍臣), Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire r. 161–126 BCE, son and successor of Laoshang Chanyu; heqin treaty generally held under Wen and Jing, but his reign saw raids and the start of open war with Emperor Wu.
June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt
June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt: Frank Morris and John and Clarence Anglin fled Alcatraz on June 11, 1962 via a raincoat raft; fate unknown, FBI case closed 1979, Marshals still investigate.
Jung Yoo-jung (정유정)
Jung Yoo-jung (정유정) is the South Korean woman who murdered a female tutor she met through an online tutoring app in Busan on May 26, 2023, out of curiosity about killing; she received a finalized life sentence with 30-year electronic tagging on June 13, 2024.
Junior Soprano
Junior Soprano, Corrado Soprano Jr., "Uncle Junior", is Tony Soprano's uncle in HBO's The Sopranos, played by Dominic Chianese: figurehead boss of the DiMeo family, Livia's co-conspirator, later declining through retrial, cancer, and dementia.
Junk science
Junk science: unvalidated theories or methods presented as scientific fact, especially in court. Term popularized by Peter Huber's 1991 Galileo's Revenge; Daubert (1993) and the 2009 NAS forensic report are its legal landmarks.
Juraj Jánošík
Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713) was a Slovak highwayman born in Terchová who led a robber band and became a national hero of the Robin Hood type.
Jure uxoris
Jure uxoris, Latin for "by right of his wife", is the legal principle by which a husband held his wife's titles, lands, or throne in her right; a common law freehold estate later abolished by Women's Property Acts.
Jürgen Mossack
Jürgen Mossack (born 1948) is a German-born Panamanian lawyer who co-founded Mossack Fonseca, the offshore law firm exposed by the 2016 Panama Papers leak of 11.5 million documents; tried for money laundering in Panama in 2024 and acquitted.
Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction is a court's or government agency's power to adjudicate and issue orders, and the territory where that power may be exercised. Covers subject matter and personal jurisdiction, Pennoyer, International Shoe, federal and state divisions, and international aspects.
Jurisdiction in divorce with a foreign element
Jurisdiction in divorce with a foreign element is the set of rules deciding which court may hear a divorce with cross-border connections, such as different nationalities or residences.
Jurisdiction stripping
Jurisdiction stripping: Congress's use of the Article III Exceptions Clause and its control over lower federal courts to remove classes of cases from judicial review, bounded by Klein, Plaut, and Patchak.
Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence (Latin juris prudentia, science of law) is legal philosophy: the study of what law is. Covers legal positivism, natural law, Kelsen's pure theory, historical jurisprudence, and formalist versus realist schools.
Jury
Jury: a sworn group of citizens, usually 12, that decides facts and returns a verdict in a trial (also grand jury), and, in a second sense, a panel judging competitions or prizes; from Old French juree, oath.
Jury duty
Jury duty, or jury service, is compulsory civic service as a trial juror. Covers summons and selection from voter and license lists, US federal pay of $50 per day, employer protections, Ontario's $120 daily rate, trust-building effects, and UK 2025 reforms.
Jury nullification
Jury nullification, also called jury veto or jury equity, occurs when jurors acquit a defendant they believe guilty because applying the law would be unjust.
Jury selection
Jury selection (voir dire) is the process of assembling a trial jury from a randomly drawn pool via questionnaires, questioning, and challenges for cause and peremptory challenges, with Batson limits on race-based strikes and ongoing reform debates.
Jury trial
A jury trial is a legal proceeding in which sworn ordinary citizens render the verdict of fact, developed in medieval England and now used in close to fifty countries.
Jus ad bellum
Jus ad bellum is the international law governing when states may lawfully use force: the UN Charter Article 2(4) prohibition, Security Council authorization, Article 51 self-defence, and necessity and proportionality, distinct from jus in bello conduct-of-war law.
Jus sanguinis
Jus sanguinis, "right of blood," is the principle that citizenship passes from parent to child regardless of birthplace; it is the global default, contrasting with jus soli birthright citizenship.
Jus soli
Jus soli, or birthright citizenship, grants nationality by birth on a state's territory, contrasting with jus sanguinis descent. Unconditional mainly in the Americas (30 of 35 countries); conditional in UK, Ireland, Germany, Australia; grounded in the Fourteenth Amendment and Wong Kim Ark.
Justice
Justice is the ideal of giving each person their due, spanning distributive, corrective, procedural, and restorative forms, underpinned by the rule of law; the WJP estimates 5.1 billion people have unmet justice needs worldwide.
Justice delayed is justice denied
"Justice delayed is justice denied" is a legal maxim holding that a wrong left unremedied too long is effectively no remedy, cited to justify speedy-trial rights.
Justice of the peace
Justice of the peace (JP), also called lay magistrate in England and Wales: a lay judicial officer originating in 14th-century England (1361 Act) who hears minor criminal, civil and family cases and witnesses documents across Commonwealth jurisdictions.
Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom: one of 12 judges of the UKSC (est. 2009 under CRA 2005, replacing the Law Lords), appointed via independent selection commission under section 25 eligibility rules, unlike the political US appointments.
Justices of the peace in Commonwealth jurisdictions
A justice of the peace (JP) in Commonwealth jurisdictions is a lay appointee who either exercises judicial powers like bail hearings and warrants or certifies documents.
Justifiable homicide
Justifiable homicide is the lawful killing of a person in circumstances such as self-defense, law enforcement, or execution, which absolves the killer of criminal liability, unlike excusable or mitigated killings.
Justification and excuse
Justification and excuse: the two main categories of criminal law defenses that concede the actus reus and mens rea but deny liability; justification denies wrongdoing, excuse denies blameworthiness.
Justin D. Smith
Justin D. Smith, also known as Justin Daniel Smith, is an American jurist serving as a United States circuit judge of the Eighth Circuit since 2026.
Justin R. Olson
Justin R. Olson, also known as Justin Ross Olson, is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Southern District of Indiana since 2026.
Justin R. Walker
Justin Reed Walker (born 1982) is an American jurist serving as a United States circuit judge of the D.C. Circuit since 2020, appointed by President Donald Trump.