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Peace of Antalcidas
Peace of Antalcidas, also the King's Peace: the 387/386 BCE settlement by Artaxerxes II of Persia ending the Corinthian War, ceding Asia's Greek cities, Clazomenae, and Cyprus to Persia and declaring other Greek cities autonomous.
Peace of Melno
The Peace of Melno (Lithuanian: Melno taika) was a treaty signed on 27 September 1422 between the Teutonic Order, Poland, and Lithuania, ending nearly 200 years of war.
Peace of Prague (1635)
Peace of Prague (Prager Frieden), 30 May 1635 treaty between Emperor Ferdinand II and Elector John George I of Saxony that ended the German civil war of the Thirty Years' War, suspended the Edict of Restitution, and set the 1627 religious status quo, but left Sweden and France fighting until Westphalia (1648).
Peace of Pressburg (1805)
Peace of Pressburg (Presbourg): Franco-Austrian treaty signed 26 December 1805 after Austerlitz; Austria ceded Venetian lands to the Kingdom of Italy and German territories to Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden, paid 40 million francs.
Peace of the Pyrenees (1659)
The Peace of the Pyrenees was a treaty signed on Pheasant Island on 7 November 1659, ending the Franco-Spanish war and ceding Roussillon and Artois to France.
Peace of Thorn (1411)
Peace of Thorn (First Peace of Thorn, First Peace of Toruń): treaty signed 1 February 1411 on a Vistula island at Thorn, ending the 1409–1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War; Samogitia passed to Jagiełło and Vytautas for life, Dobrzyń Land returned, indemnity of 100,000 Prague groschen in four instalments.
Peace of Vasvár
The Peace of Vasvár (vasvári béke) was the 1664 agreement between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Austro-Turkish War of 1663–1664.
Peace Palace
The Peace Palace (Vredespaleis) in The Hague, opened 28 August 1913 with Andrew Carnegie's $1.5 million gift, houses the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, the Hague Academy of International Law, and the Peace Palace Library.
Peace treaties of Africa
Peace treaties of Africa are formal agreements concluded by African states or armed groups to end wars, accounting for over 38 percent of agreements signed from 1960 to 2022.
Peace treaties of France
Peace treaties of France are the formal agreements by which French regimes have ended its wars, from Westphalia in 1648 to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
Peace treaties of Latin American independence
The peace treaties of Latin American independence are the armistices and recognition treaties that ended the Spanish American wars of independence, from the 1820 Trujillo armistice onward.
Peace treaty
Peace treaty: a binding written international agreement ending a war, exemplified by Westphalia (1648) and Versailles (1919); governed by the 1969 Vienna Convention and implemented through monitored peace agreements.
Peaky Blinders
Peaky Blinders: BBC crime drama (2013–2022, six series) by Steven Knight about the Shelby gangster family in post-WWI Birmingham, named for a real 1890s gang, continuing via The Immortal Man film and sequel series.
Pear of anguish
The pear of anguish (poire d'angoisse, choke pear) is a pear-shaped metal object widely presented as a medieval torture device, but historians find no medieval evidence; surviving specimens are later fabrications or reinterpretations of gags and tools.
Pearl Hart
Pearl Hart (Lillie Naomi Davy, 1871–1935), Canadian-born Arizona outlaw, robbed the Globe-to-Florence stagecoach with Joe Boot on May 30, 1899, escaped jail, served time at Yuma, and was pardoned in 1902.
Pedro A. D. Hernández
Pedro A. D. Hernández, also known as Pedro Alberto Delgado Hernández, is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge in Puerto Rico since 2014.
Pedro Albizu Campos
Pedro Albizu Campos (c. 1891–1965), Puerto Rican lawyer and president of the Nationalist Party from 1930, Harvard-trained, led the island's independence movement, was imprisoned after the 1936 sedition conviction and the 1950 Jayuya uprising, and died a national symbol.
Pedro Avilés Pérez
Pedro Avilés Pérez, El León de la Sierra, was Mexico's first wholesale drug smuggler, active in Sinaloa in the 1960s-1970s, pioneer of air smuggling and mentor of Félix Gallardo; killed 15 September 1978.
Pedro López (serial killer)
Pedro Alonso López, the "Monster of the Andes" (el Monstruo de los Andes), is a Colombian serial killer born 1948 who confessed to over 300 murders of girls in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, was convicted in Ecuador, served 14 years, and vanished in 1999.
Pedro Rodrigues Filho
Pedro Rodrigues Filho (Pedrinho Matador, "Little Pedro the Killer"), Brazilian serial killer born 1954, convicted of 71 murders and claiming over 100 victims, mostly criminals; served decades under Brazil's 30-year sentence cap, released 2018, killed 5 March 2023 in Mogi das Cruzes.
Peerage of Scotland
Peerage of Scotland: the division of the British peerage of titles created before the 1707 Union, with ranks from duke to Lord of Parliament; 16 representative peers sat from 1707 until the Peerage Act 1963 admitted all Scottish peers.
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Peerage of the United Kingdom: noble titles created since 1801, the newest division of the British peerage. Five ranks from duke to baron; hereditary or life; life peers under the 1958 Act dominate the House of Lords.
Peerages in the United Kingdom
Peerages in the United Kingdom: Crown-created dignities in five ranks (duke to baron), hereditary or life. Life peers under the 1958 Act dominate the Lords; the 2026 Act removed the last hereditary members.
Peine forte et dure
Peine forte et dure, Law French for strong and hard punishment, was the English penalty of pressing with weights imposed on felons who refused to plead, abolished in 1772; Giles Corey died under it at Salem in 1692.
Pelican Bay State Prison
Pelican Bay State Prison (PBSP) is California's supermax prison in Crescent City, opened 1989. Known for its 1,056-cell Security Housing Unit, Madrid v. Gomez (1995), and the 2011 hunger strike; its former SHU is now rehabilitative.
Pelicot rape case
Pelicot rape case (Mazan case): 2024 Avignon trial in which Dominique Pelicot and 50 co-defendants were convicted of drugging and raping Gisèle Pelicot; it prompted France's 2025 consent-based rape law.
Pell Cooper
Pell Carlton Cooper (born 1959) is a North Carolina District Court judge, brother of Governor Roy Cooper, on the bench since 1999 in Nash, Wilson, and Edgecombe counties, and manager of the Will Clark Properties solar-farm LLC.
PEN Ukraine
PEN Ukraine (Український ПЕН) is a Ukrainian cultural and human rights organization of writers and journalists, founded in 1989, that defends freedom of speech and authors' rights.
Penal colony
A penal colony, also called a penal settlement, is a remote settlement where convicts serve sentences of transportation through exile and forced labor, used widely by European powers from the 17th to 20th centuries.
Penal labor in the United States
Penal labor in the United States: work by roughly 800,000 incarcerated people, also called prison labor, permitted by the 13th Amendment's punishment exception. Wages run from a few cents per hour to nothing; output exceeds $11 billion yearly.