9,901 articles
Standard of care
Standard of care: the legal benchmark of reasonable conduct in negligence, from the objective reasonable person test (Vaughan v Menlove, 1837) to professional medical standards (Bolam, Montgomery) and the ALI's 2024 Restatement revision.
Standing (law)
Standing (law), or locus standi, is the capacity to bring a lawsuit; in U.S. federal court it requires injury in fact, causation, and redressability under Lujan, while state courts often apply looser standing doctrines.
Stanfield Organization
Fictional West Baltimore drug organization in The Wire, led by Marlo Stanfield with Chris Partlow and Monk Metcalf; it supplanted the Barksdale Organization in 2004 and dissolved by 2008.
Stanley A. Bastian
Stanley A. Bastian, born Stanley Allen Bastian in 1958, is a United States district judge for the Eastern District of Washington, appointed by President Barack Obama in 2014.
Stanley Blumenfeld, Jr.
Stanley Blumenfeld, Jr. is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Central District of California since 2020, appointed by President Trump.
Stanley Marcus
Stanley Marcus, born 1946, is an American jurist serving on the US Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit since 1997, appointed by President Bill Clinton.
Stanley R. Chesler
Stanley R. Chesler (born 1947) is an American jurist serving as a senior United States district judge of the District of New Jersey, appointed by George W. Bush in 2002.
Stanley T. Anderson
Stanley Thomas Anderson, born 1953 in Lexington, Tennessee, is a United States district judge for the Western District of Tennessee since 2008, chief judge from 2017 to 2023.
Stanley Theodore Adams
Stanley Theodore Adams (born 1966) is an American serial killer from Trumbull County, Ohio, convicted of the 1999 murders of Roslyn Taylor, Esther Cook, and Ashley Cook; he was sentenced to death in 2001 and remains on Ohio death row, his execution rescheduled to February 16, 2028.
Stanley Williams
Stanley Tookie Williams (1953–2005), Los Angeles gang co-founder with Raymond Washington of the Crips in 1971, convicted of four 1979 murders, later anti-gang author on death row, executed at San Quentin December 13, 2005 after clemency denial.
Star Chamber
The Star Chamber was an English court, active from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, that sat without a jury and was abolished by Parliament in 1641.
Stark Law
Stark Law, formally Section 1877 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395nn), the U.S. federal physician self-referral law barring Medicare referrals for designated health services to entities with which the physician or immediate family has a financial relationship, unless an exception applies; distinct from the criminal Anti-Kickback Statute.
Starred Up
Starred Up (2013) is a British prison drama directed by David Mackenzie, written by ex-prison therapist Jonathan Asser, starring Jack O'Connell, Ben Mendelsohn, and Rupert Friend; 99% on Rotten Tomatoes.
START I
START I, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of July 31, 1991, was the first US-Soviet treaty requiring actual strategic nuclear reductions: 1,600 delivery vehicles, 6,000 warheads, sublimits on heavy ICBMs, and 12 on-site inspection types. In force 1994-2009.
Starvation (crime)
Starvation (crime): the criminalization of depriving civilians of food and water as a method of warfare, codified in Additional Protocol I Article 54, Additional Protocol II Article 14, and Rome Statute Article 8(2)(b)(xxv), extended to non-international armed conflict by the 2019 amendment; first ICC warrants issued November 2024.
State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia
State Administrative Tribunal (SAT) of Western Australia, opened 4 January 2005 under the SAT Act 2004, amalgamated nearly 50 tribunals; it conducts merits and original jurisdiction review across guardianship, planning, vocational and civil matters under 150-plus enabling Acts.
State adoption statutes and procedure
State adoption statutes and procedure in the United States define who may adopt, which courts hear cases, required consents and home studies, and how an adoption is finalized.
State attorney general
State attorney general: chief legal officer of each U.S. state, commonwealth, DC, and territory; elected in 43 states, appointed in 7; independent of the governor in 48 states; handles litigation, opinions, consumer protection, and criminal appeals.
State constitutions in the United States
State constitutions in the United States are the 50 states' written fundamental laws, separate from the U.S. Constitution. The states have adopted 144 constitutions, held over 230 conventions, and ratified more than 7,000 amendments, with positive rights on education, labor, welfare, and the environment.
State Courts of Singapore
The State Courts of Singapore, formerly the Subordinate Courts, handle over 90% of criminal matters. They include District and Magistrates' Courts with specific civil and criminal jurisdictions.
State governments of India
State governments of India: the governments of India's constituent states in its federal system, each with a Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, and legislature; legislative powers divided by Article 246 and the Seventh Schedule's Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.
State governments of the United States
State governments of the United States: the 50 autonomous state polities, each with its own constitution, three branches, and Tenth Amendment reserved powers, operating alongside the federal government.
State intermediate appellate courts in the United States
State intermediate appellate courts are US state courts that sit between trial courts and the state's highest court, hearing appeals as a matter of right in 42 states.
State List
The State List (List II) of India's Seventh Schedule enumerates subjects on which state legislatures have exclusive lawmaking power under Article 246(3), covering police, public order, health, agriculture, land, and local taxation; originally 66 entries, now 61 after amendments.
State of Anjouan
State of Anjouan (Nzwani): separatist state declared on the Comorian island of Anjouan on 3 August 1997, reunified in 2002 under Mohamed Bacar, and ended by the AU-backed military intervention of 24 March 2008.
State of emergency
State of emergency: a government declaration suspending normal political and social operations during a crisis, also called emergency powers or etat de siege. Key features are rights derogation, temporary duration, oversight safeguards, and documented abuse by autocratic governments.
State of Idaho v. Robert Dean Hall
State of Idaho v. Robert Dean Hall, 387 P.3d 81 (Idaho 2016): Idaho Supreme Court decision affirming Robert Dean Hall's second-degree murder conviction for the 2011 shooting of Emmett Corrigan and upholding ICJI 1517 self-defense jury instructions over a justifiable-homicide instruction request.
State practice (international law)
State practice is the conduct of a State, through its executive, legislative, judicial, or other organs, that serves as the objective element of a rule of customary international law.
State responsibility
State responsibility is the international law regime governing when states incur responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, codified in the ILC's 2001 ARSIWA (59 articles, non-binding but treated as customary), covering attribution, breach, reparation, and countermeasures.
State succession of newly independent states
State succession of newly independent states is the branch of international law governing how a former colony takes over or rejects the treaties, debts, and property of the departing colonial power.