2,407 articles
Norwegians
Norwegians (nordmenn), the people of Norway, about 5.6 million in 2026; state records no ethnic data; two written standards Bokmål and Nynorsk; Sami minority; 800,000 US emigrants; now 18.7% foreign-born.
Nouveau riche
Nouveau riche (nouveaux riches), French for 'new rich', denotes people who recently acquired wealth; used pejoratively versus old money, it inspired Veblen's 1899 concept of conspicuous consumption.
Nubians
Nubians: indigenous people of the Nile valley from Aswan into northern Sudan, with Nobiin and Kenzi-Dongolawi languages, ancient kingdoms Kerma, Napata, Meroe, 1964 High Dam displacement, and current activism.
Nuer people
The Nuer are a Nilotic ethnic group of the upper Nile in South Sudan, chiefly pastoralists centered on cattle; Evans-Pritchard's 1930s fieldwork made them famous in anthropology.
Nyamwezi people
The Nyamwezi, also called Wanyamwezi or Banyamwezi, are a Bantu-speaking people of west-central Tanzania, the country's second largest ethnic group with about 1.5 million people.
Nzema
The Nzema are a coastal Akan people of southwestern Ghana and southeastern Côte d'Ivoire, split by an 1893 border along the Tano River and known for the Kundum festival.
O visa
O visa, O-1, U.S. nonimmigrant visa for people of extraordinary ability or achievement in sciences, arts, education, business, athletics, or motion picture/TV; created by the Immigration Act of 1990; no cap or lottery; O-2 support and O-3 dependent subcategories.
Obadiah Bush
Obadiah Newcomb Bush (1797-1851), Rochester schoolmaster, abolitionist, and California Gold Rush prospector; great-great-grandfather of George H. W. Bush; died at sea returning from California in 1851.
Occupation of Alcatraz
Occupation of Alcatraz: Native American activists of Indians of All Tribes, led by Richard Oakes and LaNada War Jack, occupied Alcatraz Island from November 20, 1969 to June 11, 1971 for nineteen months, demanding treaty recognition and a cultural center; it helped end federal Indian termination policy.
Oda clan (織田氏)
The Oda clan, also known as the Oda family (織田氏, Oda-shi), was a Japanese samurai family that rose from deputy governors of Owari Province and produced the unifier Oda Nobunaga.
Odawa
The Odawa, also spelled Ottawa and called Odaawaa in Anishinaabemowin, are an Indigenous people of the northern Great Lakes, known as fur-trade middlemen and for Pontiac's War of 1763.
Odd Fellows
The Odd Fellows are fraternal orders and friendly societies originating in 18th-century England among workers of assorted trades, named 'odd' for lacking guild membership. Main bodies: the IOOF (Baltimore, 1819, founded by Thomas Wildey) and Manchester Unity (1810), motto Friendship, Love and Truth.
Ohlone
Ohlone (Costanoan): Indigenous peoples of the San Francisco Bay Area and central California coast, organized as about fifty autonomous village polities speaking eight related languages; missionized from 1769, declared extinct by Kroeber in 1925, but persisting today in tribes such as the Muwekma Ohlone.
Oirats
Oirats (Oyirad), western Mongolic peoples of Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Kalmykia; Dörbön Oyirat confederation, Dzungar Khanate, 1640 code, 1771 Torghut return, todo bichig Clear Script.
Ojibwe
The Ojibwe, self-named Anishinaabeg and also called Chippewa, are an Algonquian-speaking Indigenous people of the Great Lakes, closely related to the Odawa and Potawatomi, with about 200,000 people in the United States and Canada.
Okie
Okie: 1930s California slur, short for Oklahoma, for poor Dust Bowl-era migrants from Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas; later reclaimed as a badge of Oklahoman pride.
Okun people
The Okun people are a Yoruba-speaking subgroup of northeastern Yorubaland near the Niger–Benue confluence, mainly in western Kogi State, Nigeria, comprising the Owe, Oworo, Ijumu, Bunu, and Yagba groups.
Olave Baden-Powell, Baroness Baden-Powell
Olave Baden-Powell, Baroness Baden-Powell, born Olave St Clair Soames, led the world Girl Guide movement, serving as UK Chief Guide from 1918 and World Chief Guide from 1930.
Old Catholic Church
Old Catholic Church: national churches, chiefly the Union of Utrecht (founded 1889), that left Rome after Vatican I's 1870 infallibility dogma, keep apostolic succession, and hold full communion with the Anglican Communion since the 1931 Bonn Agreement.
Old Glory
Old Glory is the American flag Captain William Driver of Salem, Massachusetts, named in 1824; hidden in a quilt in Nashville during the Civil War and raised over the city in 1862, it is now in the Smithsonian and the nickname applies to all U.S. flags.
Old Prussians
The Old Prussians, also known as Baltic Prussians, were Baltic peoples living between the Vistula and Neman rivers, extinct as a distinct group by the seventeenth century.
Olive Oatman
Olive Ann Oatman (1837–1903), American Indian captive and lecturer; survivor of the 1851 Oatman massacre on the Gila River, held by Yavapai and Mohave for five years, tattooed, ransomed at Fort Yuma in 1856, subject of Stratton's Captivity of the Oatman Girls.
Olivia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster
Olivia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster (nee Olivia Henson) is the wife of Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster, married 7 June 2024 at Chester Cathedral; Trinity College Dublin graduate, former Belazu account manager, mother of Lady Cosima (born 2025).
Olivia Palermo
Olivia Palermo (born 1986) is an American fashion entrepreneur and former reality-TV personality from Manhattan, known for MTV's The City (2008–2010), her oliviapalermo.com website founded in 2011, and the Olivia Palermo Group lifestyle company established in 2018.
Omega Psi Phi
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc., a historically Black fraternity and Divine Nine member founded November 17, 1911 at Howard University by Love, Cooper, Coleman, and Just, with motto 'friendship is essential to the soul.'
One-child policy
One-child policy (独生子女政策): China's fertility restriction from 1979 to the end of 2015, enforced via fines and quotas, ended by the universal two-child policy on 1 January 2016, leaving ~90 million only children and lasting low-fertility effects.
One-drop rule
One-drop rule: American hypodescent principle classifying anyone with any known African ancestry as Black; codified in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Act and 1930 amendment, enforced by registrar Walter Plecker, struck down by Loving v. Virginia (1967).
Oneida people
The Oneida (Onyota'a:ká:, People of the Standing Stone) are a founding nation of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy from central New York, American allies in the Revolution, now in New York, Wisconsin, and Ontario.
Online community
Online community: groups interacting regularly around shared purpose in online spaces. Known for BBS and Usenet origins (1978 onward), volunteer moderation, rules raising participation 70% in r/science.
Onogurs
The Onogurs, a tribal federation of the Pontic-Caspian steppe between the 5th and 7th centuries, gave Europe its name for the Hungarians, from On-Oğur, meaning "ten Oğurs (tribes)".