186 articles
Child abandonment
Child abandonment is the relinquishment of parental responsibility for a child, historically called expositio in Roman law. Known through foundling hospitals since 787 CE, the London Foundling Hospital, and modern US safe-haven laws, baby boxes, and confidential-birth alternatives.
Child discipline
Child discipline covers non-violent methods such as limits, praise, and consequences, and corporal punishment, which WHO and the AAP advise against: 1.2 billion children are physically punished at home yearly, with no positive outcomes shown.
Christine King Farris
Christine King Farris (Willie Christine King, 1927-2023), eldest sister of Martin Luther King Jr., Spelman College education professor for 56 years, King Center vice chair and treasurer, and author of My Brother Martin and Through It All.
Cinderella effect
The Cinderella effect is the elevated risk of abuse, neglect, and lethal maltreatment faced by stepchildren versus genetic children, named by evolutionary psychologists Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, with reported effects up to 100-fold or more in fatal cases and continuing debate over confounding and reporting bias.
Clan
Clan: a unilineal or ambilineal descent group claiming common, often mythical, ancestry without demonstrated genealogical links (Gaelic clann). Distinct from a lineage; typically exogamous; genetic studies of Central Asian clans support shared clan ancestry but not tribal ancestry.
Colt clan incest case
The Colt clan incest case: an Australian family, pseudonym "Colt", found in 2012 in rural New South Wales practicing four generations of incest; 12 children removed, 11 with related parents, followed by criminal prosecutions from 2014.
Cousin
Cousin: a collateral relative descending from a parent's sibling. English uses one unsexed term (Eskimo/lineal system); Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese systems distinguish cousin types differently; cousin marriage rules and laws vary.
Covert incest
Covert incest, or emotional incest, is a non-diagnostic term coined by Kenneth Adams in the 1980s for a parent using a child as a surrogate emotional partner, without physical sexual contact; related to parentification and enmeshment.
Cremation
Cremation is the burning of a dead body to bone fragments and ash, documented from c. 24000 BCE, revived industrially from 1873–1876, now 62.8% of US and 77.4% of Canadian dispositions in 2025, emitting about 210 kg CO2 eq per body.
Darwin–Wedgwood family
Darwin–Wedgwood family: interconnected English dynasties from Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood I, joined by repeated first-cousin marriages; Charles Darwin married cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839, ten children, inbreeding studies.
Delano family
Delano family, American lineage from Philippe de Lannoy (de la Noye), a 1621 Fortune Pilgrim; rose via New Bedford whaling and the Canton China trade; Sara Delano was FDR's mother.
Dina Wadia
Dina Wadia (1919–2017), also called Dina Jinnah, only child of Pakistan founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Rattanbai Petit; married Parsi businessman Neville Wadia in 1938 against Jinnah's wishes, stayed in India, visited Pakistan twice, and fought for Jinnah House.
Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar
Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar: 1912 vanishing of a four-year-old near Opelousas, Louisiana; the boy found with William Walters was raised as Bobby, but 2004 Y-DNA proved he was Bruce Anderson, Julia Anderson's son.
Dolly Sinatra
Dolly Sinatra (1896–1977), Hoboken midwife, Democratic ward boss, and Prohibition saloonkeeper, mother of Frank Sinatra; known as "Hatpin Dolly," she built his early singing career.
Dora Marie Sigar
Dora Marie Sigar, also known as Dora Soemitro, was an Indonesian nurse from Manado, wife of economist Sumitro Djojohadikusumo and mother of President Prabowo Subianto.
Durrell family
The Durrell family, an Anglo-Indian British family of writers Lawrence and Gerald Durrell, parents Lawrence Samuel and Louisa, siblings Leslie and Margo, known for the Corfu years 1935-1939 and My Family and Other Animals.
Dysfunctional family
A dysfunctional family, also called family dysfunction, is a family whose impaired relationships or communication keep members from achieving intimacy, often handing dysfunction down through generations.
Edoardo Agnelli
Edoardo Agnelli names two Agnelli family figures: the elder (1892–1935), son of Fiat's founder and Juventus president during the Quinquennio, and the younger (1954–2000), Gianni Agnelli's son who lived outside the family business.
Edward Baker Lincoln
Edward Baker Lincoln (1846-1850), called Eddie, was Abraham and Mary Lincoln's second son, born and died in their Springfield home after a 52-day illness, probably tuberculosis, at age three years ten months.
Effects of domestic violence on children
Children's exposure to domestic violence, also called witnessing domestic violence, is when children see, hear, or are otherwise involved in home violence between adults, now recognized as a form of child abuse with psychological, behavioral, health, and intergenerational effects.
Einstein family
Einstein family: German-Jewish family of Albert Einstein from Kappel, Buchau, and Cannstatt, settled in Ulm from 1864; parents Hermann and Pauline, sister Maja, wives Mileva Marić and Elsa Einstein, children Lieserl, Hans Albert, Eduard, Nazi-era losses, Princeton household.
Empty nest syndrome
Empty nest syndrome (ENS) is the sadness, loneliness, and loss some parents feel when children leave home; not a clinical diagnosis. Research shows mixed outcomes, gender and cultural variation, and role loss versus role strain relief models.
Essie Mae Washington-Williams
Essie Mae Washington-Williams was an American retired schoolteacher who publicly identified herself as the mixed-race daughter of South Carolina senator James Strom Thurmond in 2003.
Evelyn Einstein
Evelyn Einstein (1941-2011), adopted daughter of Hans Albert and granddaughter by adoption of Albert Einstein; anthropologist, HUAC protester, litigant in the $15 million family correspondence trust suit, and critic of the Hebrew University's Einstein merchandising.
Extended family
Extended family: kin beyond the nuclear family (grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins), also called multigenerational households when three or more generations co-reside. Distinguished from nuclear families by vertical and lateral extension, census definitions, and prevalence in the US and Canada.
Family
Family: a kinship-based social group organizing childrearing, inheritance, and care. Covers nuclear, extended, single-parent, and blended structures, historical change, US and OECD statistics, and children's outcomes research.
Family (disambiguation)
Family (disambiguation): senses of the word family across everyday English, UN statistical and policy definitions, kinship, biology, linguistics, mathematics, organized crime, family assessment, and the UK Family Test.
Family Characteristics
Family characteristics denote the size and composition of a family (MeSH D005191), covering family size, structure, and marital status, measured via censuses and surveys such as the ACS, DHS, and UN household databases.
Family estrangement
Family estrangement: cutting off or drastically reducing contact with a close relative, often called going no contact. Prevalence estimates range from 6% (mothers) to 26% (fathers) of young adults; common causes are abuse, value clashes, and divorce.
Family of Mahatma Gandhi
Family of Mahatma Gandhi: descendants of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Kasturba through sons Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas, and Devdas; over 100 living descendants, mostly outside politics, unrelated to the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty.