2,229 articles
Gender binary
Gender binary: the social system treating sex (male/female) and gender (masculine/feminine) as two opposite, nonoverlapping categories; most but not all societies use it, many cultures recognize third or fourth genders, and its scope is contested in science, measurement, and law.
Gender equality
Gender equality: equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for women and men and girls and boys (UN definition). Also SDG 5. UN reports put full equality 171 years away; women hold 27.4% of parliamentary seats.
Gender fluidity
Gender fluidity is change over time in a person's gender identity or gender expression; a genderfluid person may identify as male, female, non-binary, or no gender.
Gender identity
Gender identity is a person's internal sense of their own gender, distinct from sex assigned at birth, gender expression, and sexual orientation; coined in 1960s sexology (Money, Stoller) and now defined by WHO, APA, and CIHR guidance.
Gender inequality
Gender inequality is the unequal treatment, access, and outcomes experienced by people based on sex or gender, in work, education, health, and safety, with women typically most affected.
Gender inequality in India
Gender inequality in India covers legal, economic, health, and political disparities between women and men: 929 sex ratio at birth, women earning about three-fourths of male wages, 15.1% parliamentary seats, and the 2023 one-third seat reservation law.
Gender Inequality Index
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a UNDP composite index measuring gender inequality in reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market, scored 0 to 1, introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report.
Gender neutrality
Gender neutrality: policies, laws, language, and spaces not associated with either women or men. Covers EIGE's definition, neutral drafting in UK and Canadian legislation, US courts' facial-neutrality standard, singular they, and neutrality versus inclusivity critiques.
Gender reveal party
Gender reveal party: a celebration, popularized by Jenna Karvunidis's 2008 blog cake, where expectant parents stage a pink-or-blue disclosure of fetal sex; criticized for conflating sex with gender and linked to wildfires and injuries.
Gender role
Gender role: socially defined behaviors and responsibilities deemed appropriate for men or women; distinguished from gender identity (Money & Ehrhardt), explained by social role theory, historically persistent, and measured by scales such as the AWS and BSRI.
Gender roles in Islam
Gender roles in Islam: rights and responsibilities of men and women under the Quran, fiqh, and custom. Covers qiwamah (Quran 4:34), Musawah, Islamic feminism, KUPI women ulama, and cross-country variation.
Gender studies
Gender studies: interdisciplinary academic field examining gender and its intersection with race, class, sexuality; grew from 1970s women's studies, includes masculinity and queer studies, intersectionality; distinct from feminist activism.
Gender transition
Gender transition: the individualized process by which transgender people align life, body, and documents with gender identity, through social, medical (hormones, puberty blockers, surgery), and legal steps; medicalized since 1920s Berlin, adolescent care since the 1998 Dutch Protocol.
Gender Trouble
Gender Trouble (1990), Judith Butler's Routledge book on feminism and the subversion of identity, introduced gender performativity, argued gender does not follow from sex, and became foundational to queer theory.
Gender-critical feminism
Gender-critical feminism, also called anti-trans feminism or TERFism, holds that womanhood is defined by immutable biological sex and opposes trans inclusion; roots in 1970s radical feminism, catalyzed by the 2018 UK GRA reform debate, and validated by the 2025 UK Supreme Court ruling.
Gender-neutral language
Gender-neutral language avoids specifying or presuming gender, replacing generic masculine forms like 'he' and 'man'. Singular 'they' dates to circa 1350; over 200 invented pronouns exist; Merriam-Webster recognized nonbinary 'they' in 2019.
Genealogy
Genealogy, the study of family ancestry and descent, spans paper, microfilm, digital, and DNA eras; now a billion-dollar hobby using consumer DNA tests and investigative genetic genealogy in criminal cases.
Generation
Generation, in kinship, is the level of descent shared by relatives of the same degree, also a demographic cohort of roughly 30 years. It underlies generational (Hawaiian) kinship terminology, Kirchhoff's generation principle, and alternate-generation equations.
Generation gap
Generation gap: differences in values and attitudes across age groups or birth cohorts. Term peaked in the 1960s; US survey gaps narrowed 1973-1997; research attributes differences to age and period effects, not distinct generations.
Genetic sexual attraction
Genetic sexual attraction (GSA) describes intense attraction between biological relatives reunited after early separation, coined by Barbara Gonyo; reported in over 50% of adoption reunions but not a recognized disorder.
Genocide Watch
Genocide Watch is an NGO founded by Gregory H. Stanton for genocide prevention and early warning, known for the Eight (1996) and Ten (2012) Stages of Genocide model, alert levels, and the Alliance Against Genocide.
Genogram
Genogram: a clinical family diagram adding relationship, health, and behavioral patterns to a family tree. Rooted in Bowen's family systems theory; standardized by McGoldrick and Gerson (1985); distinct from pedigree and ecomap.
Gentleman
Gentleman: originally an Englishman of gentle birth below the titled aristocracy, later a moral standard of courteous male conduct defined by manners rather than birth, now a contested gendered address term.
George Floyd protests
George Floyd protests: 2020 nationwide and international demonstrations after George Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police on May 25, 2020; the largest protest movement in US history, with 15-26 million participants, about 94% nonviolent.
George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon
George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon (born 1956), British peer and farmer, owner of Highclere Castle, the Downton Abbey filming location; succeeded his father Henry, 7th Earl, in 2001; married Fiona Aitken in 1999.
George Padmore
George Padmore, born Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, was a Trinidadian Pan-Africanist writer and organizer who led the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress and advised Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana.
Georgie Stone
Georgie Stone is an Australian actress and transgender rights advocate who, as the youngest Australian granted pubertal suppression, helped change Family Court law on gender-affirming treatment, plays Mackenzie Hargreaves on Neighbours, and is the subject of the Netflix documentary The Dreamlife of Georgie Stone.
Georgiy Gongadze
Georgiy Gongadze (Георгій Гонгадзе), Ukrainian investigative journalist, Georgian-born, founder of Ukrayinska Pravda; kidnapped and murdered in September 2000; Melnychenko tapes implicated President Kuchma; ECHR ruled against Ukraine; General Pukach convicted.
Georgy Gapon
Georgy Apollonovich Gapon (Георгий Аполлонович Гапон, 1870–1906), Russian Orthodox priest and police-linked labor organizer, founded the Assembly of Russian Factory and Mill Workers, led the 9 January 1905 Bloody Sunday march, and was hanged by SR militants in 1906 after exposure as an Okhrana agent.
Gerald Posner
Gerald Posner (born 1954) is an American investigative journalist and former lawyer, author of Mengele, Case Closed (1994 Pulitzer History finalist), Killing the Dream, God's Bankers, and PHARMA; he resigned from the Daily Beast in 2010 after plagiarism findings.