2,229 articles
International Women's Day
International Women's Day, marked 8 March, arose from early-1900s labor and socialist women's movements, was proposed by Clara Zetkin in 1910, first held 1911, and tied to the 1917 Russian women's demonstrations; UN-recognized since 1977.
Interpersonal relationship
Interpersonal relationship: an association between people built from interdependent interactions, spanning family, friendship, romantic, and work ties; studied via attachment, interdependence, and social exchange theories, with measurable links to health and well-being.
Interracial marriage
Interracial marriage, also called miscegenation, is marriage across racial or ethnic lines. Banned by U.S. anti-miscegenation laws until Loving v. Virginia (1967); intermarried newlyweds rose from 3% (1967) to 17% (2015).
Interracial marriage in the United States
Interracial marriage in the United States, also called intermarriage, is marriage across racial lines. Banned by state anti-miscegenation laws from 1664 onward, it was legalized nationwide by Loving v. Virginia (1967); approval reached 94% by 2021.
Intersectionality
Intersectionality, coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989, is an analytical framework from Black feminism examining how race, gender, class, and other social positions reciprocally construct inequality, now used across law, health research, and AI fairness.
Intersex
Intersex describes people born with sex characteristics, including chromosomes, gonads, hormones and genitals, that do not fit typical binary definitions of male or female bodies; also called variations in sex characteristics or DSD, with growing legal protections against non-consensual surgery.
Interview
A research interview is a planned, recorded conversation used as data in a study, following a guide of questions and requiring ethics review before data collection.
Intimate relationship
Intimate relationship: a close interpersonal bond built on mutual influence and sharing of personal, private experience, spanning romantic partners, close friendships, and family bonds; distinct from hookups, one-night stands, and merely interdependent pairs like guard and prisoner.
Iqbal Masih
Iqbal Masih (اقبال مسیح), 1983–1995, Pakistani Christian boy sold into bonded carpet-weaving at age 4, escaped via the BLLF, helped free thousands of child laborers, won the 1994 Reebok Human Rights Award, and was murdered at 12 in Muridke.
Irreversible Damage
Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters is Abigail Shrier's 2020 Regnery book arguing adolescent girls' trans identification reflects social contagion via rapid-onset gender dysphoria; a bestseller praised by The Economist and criticized by transgender health clinicians.
Isaac Woodard
Isaac Woodard Jr., African American WWII sergeant, beaten and blinded by Batesburg, South Carolina police chief Lynwood Shull on February 12, 1946, hours after discharge; acquittal by an all-white jury spurred Truman's civil rights committee and military desegregation.
Ishaan Tharoor
Ishaan Tharoor (born 1984, Singapore) is an American foreign-affairs journalist, son of Shashi Tharoor; longtime Washington Post Today's WorldView columnist, now New Yorker Global Notes writer and CFR Murrow Press Fellow.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (ঈশ্বরচন্দ্র বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়)
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (Ishwar Chandra Bandopadhyay) was an Indian scholar, educator, and social reformer of nineteenth-century Bengal whose campaign produced the Hindu Widows' Re-marriage Act of 1856.
Islamic feminism
Islamic feminism: feminist scholarship and activism grounding gender equality in the Qur'an and Islamic tradition; label current since the 1990s; key figures Wadud, Barlas, Mernissi, Hassan; distinct from Islamist feminism.
Islamic marital jurisprudence
Islamic marital jurisprudence (fiqh of nikāḥ): marriage as a contract (ʿaqd) with mahr, witnesses, and wali, governing talaq, khulʿ, and polygamy, now codified in modern Muslim personal status laws.
Islamic marital practices
Islamic marital practices center on the nikah marriage contract, defined by offer, acceptance, witnesses, and mahr, with stipulations permitted. State laws across Muslim-majority countries regulate polygyny, registration, divorce including khula, and ceremony customs such as the walima.
Islamophobia
Islamophobia: fear, prejudice, and hostility toward Islam and Muslims, treated by scholars as cultural racism. Term coined by Alain Quellien (1910), popularized by the 1997 Runnymede Trust report and post-9/11 discourse; no agreed definition, rising hate crime.
Islamophobic trope
Islamophobic tropes are recurring stereotypes casting Islam and Muslims as violent, alien, or oppressive, including the terrorist image, the downtrodden Muslim woman, and cultural incompatibility narratives; documented from medieval Europe through contemporary Western media and measured by indices of anti-Muslim prejudice.
Jack Reagan
John Edward "Jack" Reagan (1883–1941), Illinois shoe salesman and father of President Ronald Reagan and Neil Reagan; Catholic Democrat, WPA local director, alcoholic whose porch incident shaped his son's memoirs.
Jack Whittaker (lottery winner)
Jack Whittaker (1947-2020), West Virginia construction contractor who won a $314.9 million Powerball jackpot on December 25, 2002, then the largest single-ticket US lottery jackpot; took a $113.4 million cash option, later faced thefts, lawsuits, and family deaths.
Jackie Long
Jackie Long is a British journalist, Social Affairs Editor and presenter at Channel 4 News since 2011, after two decades at the BBC including Newsnight; known for the Yarl's Wood undercover investigation.
Jacob Hersant
Jacob Hersant (born c. 1998) is an Australian neo-Nazi who co-leads the National Socialist Network with Thomas Sewell and was the first person convicted, and later jailed, under Victoria's Nazi salute ban.
Jacqueline Saburido
Jacqueline "Jacqui" Saburido (1978–2019), Venezuelan survivor of a September 19, 1999 drunk-driving crash near Austin, Texas, that burned over 60% of her body; her image anchored TxDOT's Before and After and Faces of Drunk Driving campaigns from 2002 onward.
James A. Lindsay
James A. Lindsay, American mathematician (PhD, University of Tennessee, 2010), author, and founder of New Discourses, known for the 2018 Grievance Studies hoax with Pluckrose and Boghossian and for Cynical Theories and Race Marxism.
James Chaney
James Earl Chaney (1943–1964), Meridian, Mississippi CORE civil rights worker murdered with Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman during Freedom Summer in Neshoba County; 1967 federal conspiracy convictions, 2005 Killen manslaughter conviction, 2014 posthumous Medal of Freedom.
James F. Blake
James F. Blake (1913-2002) was the Montgomery, Alabama bus driver who ordered Rosa Parks to give up her seat on December 1, 1955, precipitating the 381-day Montgomery bus boycott and Browder v. Gayle.
James Farmer
James Farmer (1920–1999), American civil rights leader, co-founder and national director of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), architect of the 1961 Freedom Rides, later HEW assistant secretary and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient.
James Meredith
James Howard Meredith, born in 1933, is an American civil rights activist who became the first African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi.
James O'Keefe
James O'Keefe, American conservative activist, founder of Project Veritas (2010) and O'Keefe Media Group; known for ACORN and NPR hidden-camera stings, a 2010 misdemeanor conviction, civil judgments, and his 2023 removal from Veritas.
James Ogilvy
James Ogilvy (James Robert Bruce Ogilvy, b. 1964, Thatched House Lodge) is a British landscape designer, photographer, and founder of Luxury Briefing; eldest child of Princess Alexandra and Sir Angus Ogilvy, untitled, 58th in line of succession, married to Julia Rawlinson since 1988.