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United Kingdom parliamentary by-elections, 1801–1867
The United Kingdom parliamentary by-elections, 1801–1867 filled Commons seats vacated between general elections by death, retirement, or ministerial appointment, and tested public opinion between general elections.
Unopposed by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
An unopposed by-election to the Parliament of the United Kingdom is one where a single candidate is nominated and declared elected without a poll, a Victorian-era pattern that ended in 1954.
War-time electoral pact
War-time electoral pact refers chiefly to the 1914 British electoral truce, in which Liberal, Conservative, and Labour Chief Whips agreed uncontested by-elections, and the 1918 Conservative–Lloyd George Liberal 'coupon' pact, which reshaped the party system.
Wartime by-elections in the United Kingdom (1939–1945)
Wartime by-elections in the United Kingdom (1939–1945) were held under a September 1939 electoral truce between the Conservative, Labour, and Liberal parties, leaving most seats uncontested.