14 articles
23 March Movement
The 23 March Movement (Arabic: حركة 23 مارس; French: Mouvement du 23 mars) was a clandestine Moroccan Marxist-Leninist organization founded in 1968 by UNFP student militants.
African socialism
African socialism: socialist doctrines of 1960s-1970s newly independent African states, also called Ujamaa in Tanzania, blending communal African values with state-led development; variants under Nkrumah, Senghor, Nyerere, Kaunda; largely abandoned after economic decline.
All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
The All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement, best known as MEISON, was a Marxist-Leninist organization founded by exiled Ethiopian students in 1968 that became the Derg's principal civilian ally before its suppression in 1978.
Arusha Declaration
The Arusha Declaration (Swahili: Azimio la Arusha) was a 1967 policy statement by Tanzania's TANU party, written by Julius Nyerere, committing the country to socialism, self-reliance, and nationalization.
Flag of Angola
National flag of Angola (Bandeira Nacional), adopted 11 November 1975 at independence: red-over-black horizontal bicolor with a yellow half gear, machete, and five-pointed star; based on the MPLA party flag.
Ila al-Amam
Ila al-Amam (إلى الأمام, "Forward") was a clandestine Maoist organization in Morocco, founded in 1970 in opposition to King Hassan II and dissolved in 1994.
Nkrumahism
Nkrumahism, also called Nkrumaism, is the political ideology of Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's independence leader and first head of state, combining socialism, Pan-Africanism, and opposition to economic neocolonialism.
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) was the socialist state formed September 10, 1987, under the 1987 constitution after thirteen years of Derg military rule, led by Mengistu Haile Mariam and the Workers' Party of Ethiopia, until its overthrow by the EPRDF in May 1991.
People's Republic of Angola
People's Republic of Angola (República Popular de Angola), 1975–1992 one-party socialist state ruled by the Marxist-Leninist MPLA under Agostinho Neto and dos Santos, ended by the 1991 Peace Accords and 1992 multiparty elections.
People's Republic of Mozambique
The People's Republic of Mozambique (República Popular de Moçambique) was a one-party socialist state founded by FRELIMO under President Samora Machel in 1975, lasting until 1990.
People's Republic of the Congo
People's Republic of the Congo (République populaire du Congo), 1969–1992: socialist Congo-Brazzaville state founded by Marien Ngouabi under the Marxist-Leninist PCT, ruled 1979–1992 by Sassou-Nguesso, ended by the 1990–1991 multiparty transition.
Scientific socialism in Somalia
Scientific socialism in Somalia was the state ideology adopted by Mohamed Siad Barre's military regime in 1970, blending the Quran with Marx and driving nationalization and literacy campaigns.
Somali Democratic Republic
The Somali Democratic Republic (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya) was Somalia under Siad Barre, 1969-1991: a military socialist state after the October 1969 coup, allied with the USSR until 1977, collapsing into civil war in 1991.
Ujamaa
Ujamaa (Swahili "familyhood") is Julius Nyerere's African socialism and Tanzania's post-1967 development strategy, defined in his 1962 essay and the Arusha Declaration, implemented through villagization, and abandoned after economic failure.