16 articles
28 Bolsheviks
The 28 (and a half) Bolsheviks: Wang Ming's Moscow Sun Yat-sen University cohort that led the Chinese Communist Party 1931–1935, fell at Zunyi, and dispersed into defectors, martyrs, and PRC officials.
Burmese Way to Socialism
The Burmese Way to Socialism, also the Burmese Road to Socialism, was Burma's state ideology from 1962 to 1988, adopted after Ne Win's military coup of 1962.
Communism in India
Communism in India: the Marxist movement from the 1920 Tashkent and 1925 Kanpur party foundations through the 1964 CPI-CPI(M) split, Naxalbari Maoism, Left Front rule in Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura, and the post-2026 absence of Left-led state governments.
Communism in Korea
Communism in Korea is the history of communist movements on the peninsula, shaped under Japanese rule, divided at the 38th parallel in 1945, and split by war.
Communism in Vietnam
Communism in Vietnam: rule by the Communist Party of Vietnam (Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam), founded 1930, in power since 1945 in the north and nationwide since 1976; one-party socialist republic with Đổi Mới market reforms since 1986.
Corrective Movement (Syria)
Corrective Movement (al-Haraka al-Tashihiyya) is Hafez al-Assad's name for his 13 November 1970 bloodless coup removing Salah Jadid's radical Ba'ath faction; Assad became president in 1971, founding over five decades of Assad family rule in Syria.
Gang of Four (四人帮)
Gang of Four (四人帮): Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan; radical Cultural Revolution faction arrested 6 October 1976 by Hua Guofeng, tried by the Special Court 1980-81, and blamed for the Cultural Revolution in the 1981 Party Resolution.
Marhaenism
Marhaenism (Marhaenisme) is an Indonesian political ideology formulated by Sukarno, first used publicly in 1930, that casts Indonesia's poor small producers rather than an industrial proletariat as the agent of national emancipation.
Mongolian People's Republic (Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс)
Mongolian People's Republic (Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс, MPR), 1924-1992 socialist state in Mongolia, Asia's first communist state, ruled by the MPRP as a Soviet satellite until the 1990 democratic revolution and 1992 constitution.
Politics of North Korea
Politics of North Korea (조선민주주의인민공화국): one-party dynastic state under Kim Jong-un (김정은), WPK, SAC, and SPA; 2023-2026 constitution dropped reunification for a two hostile states policy, codified nuclear command, and aligned with Russia.
Red Guards (红卫兵)
Red Guards (红卫兵, Hongweibing): militant student mass organizations of China's Cultural Revolution, formed from mid-1966, endorsed by Mao, peaking at eight Tiananmen rallies of 11–13 million, and disbanded by 1968–1979.
Socialism in India
Socialism in India: democratic-socialist movement and state ideology between communalism and communism, led by Nehru and the Congress Socialist Party (1934), expressed in the Planning Commission mixed economy, weakened after 1991 liberalization.
Socialism in Israel
Socialism in Israel: the Labor Zionist tradition behind Mapai, the Histadrut, and the kibbutzim, which dominated Israel's politics and three-sector economy from 1948 until privatization and rising inequality transformed it.
Socialism with Chinese characteristics (中国特色社会主义)
Socialism with Chinese characteristics (中国特色社会主义) is the CPC's official ideology, introduced by Deng Xiaoping with the 1978 reform and opening up, combining socialist principles with a socialist market economy, public ownership alongside private enterprise, and Party leadership as its defining feature.
Students' Federation of India
Students' Federation of India (SFI), founded 27-30 December 1970 at Thiruvananthapuram, is the left-wing student wing of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), organized via biennial All India Conferences, campaigning under "Independence, Democracy and Socialism" and "Study & Struggle".
Tudeh Party of Iran (حزب توده ایران)
The Tudeh Party of Iran (حزب توده ایران, Party of the Masses of Iran) is a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 1941, the largest communist party in Iranian history, now banned and largely in exile.