Society and history

Reader (academic rank)

Reader is a UK academic rank above senior lecturer and below professor, often described as a professor without a chair, awarded for distinguished original research; several universities now replace it with associate professor.

Reader's Digest

Reader's Digest, American general-interest family magazine founded by DeWitt and Lila Wallace, first issue February 1922; condensed articles, once the world's largest-circulation magazine, now a Trusted Media Brands brand publishing about six US issues a year.

Readiness 2030

Readiness 2030, formally ReArm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030, is the EU's March 2025 defence financing plan to mobilize up to €800 billion by 2030 via SAFE loans, fiscal flexibility, and EIB support.

Reading

Reading: deriving meaning from written text through decoding and comprehension. Covers the history of oral versus silent reading, the National Reading Panel's five instructional components, the phonics debate, learning poverty affecting 70% of 10-year-olds in low- and middle-income countries, and falling US NAEP reading scores, distinguishing it from general literacy.

Reading comprehension

Reading comprehension: extracting and constructing meaning from written text. Also called text comprehension; central model is Gough and Tunmer's Simple View of Reading (1986), R = D × C, product of decoding and language comprehension, with strategy instruction and NAEP score trends defining the field.

Sep 29, 2026

Reading the Mind in the Eyes test

The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET) is a psychology task in which a participant infers a person's mental state from photographs of the eyes alone.

Readline Bio (瑞德林生物)

Readline Bio (瑞德林生物) is a Chinese synthetic-biology company founded in Shenzhen in 2017 by Liu Jian, using enzyme engineering to manufacture green ingredients for personal care and biopharma.

Readline Biotech (瑞德林生物)

Readline Biotech (瑞德林生物) is a Chinese synthetic-biology company founded in Shenzhen in 2017. It uses AI and biocatalysis to manufacture active ingredients, including semaglutide and cosmetic peptides.

Ready Responders

Ready Responders was a New Orleans-based healthcare startup, founded in 2016, that sent EMTs, paramedics, and nurses to patients' homes for non-emergency care paired with telehealth clinicians.

Reagan Doctrine

The Reagan Doctrine was the Reagan administration's 1980s policy of openly aiding anti-communist insurgencies, named after Reagan's February 1985 State of the Union pledge that support for freedom fighters is self-defense, applied in Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Angola, and Cambodia.

Reagan tax cuts

The Reagan tax cuts were the 1981 and 1986 tax acts under President Ronald Reagan, which lowered the top individual rate from 70 to 28 percent.

Reaganomics

Reaganomics, also known as Voodoo Economics, was President Ronald Reagan's economic program of tax cuts, deregulation, and spending restraint from 1981 to 1989, which lowered inflation but raised deficits.

Real Academia de San Carlos

The Real Academia de San Carlos was a royal academy of fine arts in Mexico City, erected by Charles III in 1783 and inaugurated in 1785.

Real Acuerdo

The Real Acuerdo was the governing council formed when the viceroy of New Spain or Peru sat with the audiencia's judges, issuing resolutions called autos acordados.

Real and nominal value

Real and nominal value is the economic distinction between values at current prices and values at constant reference-period prices, converted with a price index or deflator.

Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires

The Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires was the superior royal court of the Río de la Plata, sitting from 1661 to 1671 and again from 1785 to 1812.

Real Audiencia of Cusco

The Real Audiencia of Cusco (Real Audiencia del Cuzco) was the last royal audiencia established in Spanish America, serving southern Peru from Cusco from 1787 to 1824.

Real Audiencia of Guatemala

The Real Audiencia of Guatemala, or Audiencia de los Confines, was Spain's highest royal court in Central America, created in 1542 and lasting until independence in 1821.

Real Audiencia of Manila

The Real Audiencia de Manila was the royal appellate court and chancery of the Spanish Philippines, established by decree of King Philip II in 1583 and sitting in Manila.

Real Audiencia of Panama

The Real Audiencia of Panama, or Audiencia y Cancillería Real de Tierra Firme, was a royal court and governing tribunal of the Spanish Crown seated in Panama City from 1538.

Real business-cycle theory

Real business-cycle theory, or RBC theory, explains economic fluctuations as efficient responses of a competitive economy to real shocks, especially technology changes, launched by Kydland and Prescott in 1982.

Real Cédula of 1776

The Real Cédula of 1776 (Real Cédula de 1776) was a decree of King Carlos III provisionally creating the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

Real Cédula of 1789

The Real Cédula of 1789 comprises two Spanish royal decrees of King Charles IV, one opening the slave trade and one regulating the treatment of enslaved people.

Real Cédula of 1804 (Consolidación de vales reales)

The Real Cédula of 1804 (Consolidación de vales reales) was a decree of Charles IV ordering the seizure and sale of charitable and ecclesiastical capital in Spanish America.

Real Compañía de Comercio de La Habana

The Real Compañía de Comercio de La Habana, or Havana Company, was a Spanish privileged trading company created in 1740 to control commerce between Spain and Cuba.

Real estate

Real estate is land and permanent structures attached to it, together with legal interests over them; in property law it is treated as real property, distinct from movable personal property.

Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016

Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016, or RERA, is India's central law (Act No. 16 of 2016) creating state Real Estate Regulatory Authorities, mandating project registration, a 70% escrow of buyer funds, and fast-track dispute resolution for homebuyers.