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Reichskommissariat
Reichskommissariat (Reich Commissariat): Nazi Germany's civilian occupation administration for conquered, non-annexed territory, headed by a Reichskommissar under the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories; principal units were Ostland and Ukraine.
Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich
Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich (Reichskommissariat für die besetzte Gebiete von Belgien und Nordfrankreich) was the Nazi civil administration set up by Hitler's decree on 13 July 1944 under Reichskommissar Josef Grohé, replacing the Militärverwaltung over Belgium and the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments until liberation in September 1944.
Reichskommissariat Ostland
Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was the Nazi German civil occupation administration, 1941–44, covering Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus under Reichskommissar Hinrich Lohse in Riga, subordinate to Rosenberg's ministry, and a site of SS mass murder.
Reichskommissariat Ukraine
Reichskommissariat Ukraine (RKU): Nazi German civilian occupation regime for most of Ukraine, 1 September 1941 to April/November 1944, ruled by Erich Koch from Rivne, 339,275 sq km, about 17 million people, under Rosenberg's Eastern Ministry, marked by exploitation, terror, and the Holocaust.
Reichskonkordat
The Reichskonkordat, or Reich concordat, is the treaty between the Holy See and the German Reich signed in Vatican City on 20 July 1933, Hitler's first international agreement.
Reichskriegsflagge
Reichskriegsflagge, the German Reich war flag or Imperial War Ensign: white naval ensign with black cross, Prussian eagle, and Iron Cross canton, used 1867–1918, reissued by Weimar and Nazi Germany, and now a far-right substitute symbol.
Reichsmarine
Reichsmarine (Vorläufige Reichsmarine), the Weimar Republic's German navy, 1919 to June 1935, renamed Kriegsmarine; Versailles-limited to 15,000 men and a token fleet, rebuilt under Raeder.
Reichsmark
The Reichsmark, also known as the Deutsche Reichsmark, was Germany's currency from October 1924 until the 1948 currency reform replaced it with the Deutsche Mark.
Reichsrat (Germany)
Reichsrat (Germany), the Länder chamber of the Weimar Republic 1919–1934, successor to the Bundesrat; state-government delegates with a suspensive veto overridable by two-thirds Reichstag majority; abolished by the Nazis 14 February 1934.
Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
The Reichstag under Nazi Germany (1933-1945), the pseudo-parliament meeting in the Kroll Opera House: after the Enabling Act of 23 March 1933 it became a one-party acclamatory body that met 19 times, adopted 7 laws, and last sat 26 April 1942.
Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Reichstag of the Weimar Republic, German parliament 1920-1933, elected by proportional representation (one seat per 60,000 votes) for four years; held legislation, budget, and scrutiny powers until presidential cabinets, the 1933 Reichstag fire, and the Enabling Act ended its role.
Reichstag fire
Reichstag fire (Reichstagsbrand): arson on February 27, 1933 that destroyed the German parliament's plenary chamber in Berlin; Marinus van der Lubbe was executed for it, and the fire enabled the Reichstag Fire Decree and Hitler's Enabling Act, though responsibility remains debated.
Reichstag Fire Decree
Reichstag Fire Decree (Verordnung zum Schutz von Volk und Staat), signed by Hindenburg on February 28, 1933 under Article 48 after the Reichstag fire; suspended core Weimar civil rights and enabled Nazi arrests of opponents until 1945.
Reichswehr
Reichswehr: the armed forces of Germany 1919–1935, also called Vorläufige Reichswehr, army (Reichsheer) and navy (Reichsmarine) under Versailles' 100,000-man limit; renamed Wehrmacht in March 1935.
Reid Christian
Reid Christian is an American venture capitalist and general partner at CRV, where he has invested in developer tools and AI companies including Vercel, Tailscale, and Skild AI.
Reid Dennis
Reid Dennis, born Irvine Reid Dennis (1925–2024), was an American venture capitalist who founded Institutional Venture Partners in Menlo Park, California, in 1980 after investing since 1952.
Reid technique
Reid technique: American accusatorial interrogation method by John E. Reid and Fred E. Inbau, three stages and nine steps, contrasted with the PEACE model and criticized for false confession risk.
Reification (Marxism)
Reification (Verdinglichung) is the Marxist concept, formulated by Georg Lukács in History and Class Consciousness (1923), describing how human social relations appear as thing-like, natural, objective relations, extending Marx's commodity fetishism.
Reify Health
Reify Health is a Boston-based clinical trial solutions company founded in 2012 by Ralph Passarella and Michael Lin, whose OneStudyTeam and Care Access businesses help biopharmaceutical sponsors run and diversify clinical trials.
Reign and wars of Moctezuma I
The reign and wars of Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina) cover 1440–1469, when the fifth tlatoani of Tenochtitlan defeated Chalco and extended Triple Alliance control to the Huasteca and Oaxaca.
Reign of Arakamani
Arakamani, also called Arkamaniqo and known to the Greeks as Ergamenes, was a king of Kush who reigned c. 295–275 BCE and is treated as the first king of the Meroitic phase.
Reign of Askia Dawud
The reign of Askia Dawud (1549–1582) brought the Songhai Empire peace and prosperity, with about 150 Islamic schools in Timbuktu before his death in 1582.
Reign of Augustus
Reign of Augustus (27 BC–AD 14), the Principate: Octavian's 41-year rule as first Roman emperor, preserving republican institutions while holding tribunician and consular powers, reforming army, taxes, religion, and founding the imperial cult.
Reign of Ay
The Reign of Ay was the four-year rule of pharaoh Ay of Egypt's Dynasty 18, from about 1327 to 1323 BC, after Tutankhamun died without an heir.
Reign of Cleopatra
The Reign of Cleopatra, also called the Reign of Cleopatra VII, was the last Ptolemaic ruler's 21-year rule of Egypt, from 51 to 30 BC.
Reign of Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI
The reign of Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI was the joint rule of a brother and sister over Ptolemaic Egypt in two phases, 170–164 and 163–145 BC.
Reign of Crocodile
Horus Crocodile is a putative ruler of Dynasty 0 in ancient Egypt, proposed by Günter Dreyer from ink inscriptions at Tarkhan, though his existence is disputed.
Reign of Den
Den, throne name Semti, was a First Dynasty king of Egypt who ruled in the twenty-ninth century BCE, the first attested with the title King of Upper and Lower Egypt.
Reign of Teqerideamani II
Teqerideamani II was a king of Kush, the Meroitic kingdom in what is now Sudan, who reigned from 245/246 to after 265/66 AD, in the kingdom's last century.
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, or la Terreur, was a period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution, from September 1793 to July 1794, dominated by the Committee of Public Safety.