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Responsibility for the September 11 attacks
Responsibility for the September 11 attacks lies with al Qaeda under Osama bin Laden, with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed as planning chief. Key facts: 19 al Qaeda hijackers, $400,000-$500,000 cost, no confirmed foreign-government funding, contested Saudi support claims.
Responsibility to protect
Responsibility to protect (R2P): UN norm adopted unanimously at the 2005 World Summit covering genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity; three pillars; first military use in Libya 2011 (Resolution 1973), while Syria exposed selectivity and veto paralysis.
Responsible government
Responsible government: parliamentary system in which the executive council must hold majority support of the elected assembly and resign on losing it; adopted in Canada 1848, PEI 1851, New Brunswick 1854, Newfoundland 1855.
Resseneb (son of Ankhu)
Resseneb was a vizier of Egypt in the Thirteenth Dynasty, son of the vizier Ankhu and brother of the vizier Iymeru, and earlier his scribe.
Ressentiment
Ressentiment: philosophical concept for repressed, envious hostility of the powerless, formulated by Nietzsche in the Genealogy of Morality and developed by Max Scheler; distinct from ordinary resentment and used in analyses of populism and grievance politics.
Restatement (accounting)
A restatement is the correction of an error in previously issued financial statements, either material to prior periods (Big R) or material only in the current period.
Restaurant
A restaurant is a business that prepares and serves food and drink to customers, typically from a menu, for consumption on the premises, for takeaway, or for delivery.
Resting bitch face
Resting bitch face (RBF, bitchy resting face) is a neutral facial expression others misread as angry or contemptuous. Coined on Urban Dictionary in 2009, popularized by a 2013 Funny Or Die video; explained by structural resemblance to emotions, context effects, and gendered judgment biases.
Restitution in English law
Restitution in English law, also called the law of unjust enrichment, lets a claimant recover a benefit gained at their expense. Recognized in Lipkin Gorman (1991), structured by four questions including the unjust factor and defences.
Restitution of unlawfully exacted taxes
Restitution of unlawfully exacted taxes is the recovery of tax paid to a public authority without legal power to demand it, as in the English Woolwich principle.
restor3d
restor3d is a Durham, North Carolina medical device company, founded in 2017 as a Duke University spinout, that 3D-prints personalized orthopedic implants and acquired knee maker Conformis in 2023.
Restoration (Spain)
The Bourbon Restoration (Restauración borbónica) was Spain's political period from the 29 December 1874 pronunciamiento of Martínez Campos restoring Alfonso XII until the Second Republic's proclamation on 14 April 1931, marked by turnismo, caciquismo, and the Disaster of 1898.
Restoration Council of Shan State
The Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS) is an ethnic armed organization in Myanmar's Shan State led by Lt. Gen. Yawd Serk that fights for Shan self-determination within a federal union.
Restoration Junta
The Restoration Junta, known in Spanish as the Ejército Restaurador, was the Chilean-led army that invaded Peru in 1837–1839 to dissolve the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, winning the decisive Battle of Yungay in January 1839.
Restoration Movement
The Restoration Movement, or Stone–Campbell Movement, is a family of Christian bodies founded on the American frontier around 1800 to restore New Testament Christianity and unite all Christians.
Restoration of Danjong plot
The Restoration of Danjong plot (단종 복위 운동) was a 1456 conspiracy by former Hall of Worthies scholars to depose King Sejo and reinstate Danjong; it was betrayed and its leaders executed.
Restoration of examinations and their Hongwu suspension
The restoration of examinations and their Hongwu suspension (科举停罢与恢复) was an early-Ming episode in which civil examinations were opened, suspended, and restored under the Hongwu Emperor.
Restoration of Imperial Rule edict
The Restoration of Imperial Rule edict (王政復古の大号令) was a Japanese court proclamation issued January 3, 1868, accepting Tokugawa Yoshinobu's return of power and abolishing the shogunate.
Restoration of King Xuan of Zhou
The Restoration of King Xuan of Zhou (宣王中兴) was the revival of royal authority under King Xuan of Zhou, who reigned from 827 to 782 BC after the Gonghe regency.
Restoration of Polish independence
The restoration of Polish independence was the re-creation of a sovereign Polish state on 11 November 1918, when power passed to Józef Piłsudski after 123 years of partitions.
Restoration of the Chalukyas under Vikramaditya I
The restoration of the Chalukyas under Vikramaditya I was his recovery of the Chalukya kingdom of Badami in the Deccan, taking the throne in 655 after his father Pulakeshin II's defeat.
Restoration of the Gaokao (college entrance examination)
The Restoration of the Gaokao (恢复高考) was the 1977 decision by Deng Xiaoping to reinstate China's unified college entrance examinations, ending admissions by political recommendation since 1966.
Restoration of the Han under Emperor Guangwu
The restoration of the Han under Emperor Guangwu (光武中兴) was Liu Xiu's reunification of China after Wang Mang, founding the Eastern Han through victories at Kunyang and campaigns ending in 34 AD.
Restoration of the Le dynasty
The Restoration of the Le dynasty (Khởi nghĩa Lê trung hưng) was a Vietnamese loyalist movement begun in 1533 by Nguyen Kim and Trinh Kiem against the Mac dynasty.
Restoration Stela of Tutankhamun
The Restoration Stela of Tutankhamun, also known as the Restoration inscription of Tutankhamun, is a stone stela from Karnak proclaiming the return to traditional Egyptian religion after Akhenaten's reforms.
Restoration under Tutankhamun
The restoration under Tutankhamun, also called the Restoration of Amun, restored Egypt's traditional gods and temples after Akhenaten's Atenism, documented by the Restoration Stela from Karnak.
Restorationism
Restorationism is a Christian tendency to restore the apostolic church rather than merely reform it, shaping movements like the Stone–Campbell churches, Latter-day Saints, and Adventists.
Restorative justice
Restorative justice: processes in which consenting victims, offenders, and affected communities resolve matters arising from crime with a trained facilitator. Forms include victim-offender mediation, conferencing, and circles; trial evidence shows modest recidivism reduction and higher victim satisfaction.
Restore Britain
Restore Britain is a right-wing British party founded by former Reform UK MP Rupert Lowe, launched as a movement in 2025 and registered with the Electoral Commission on 20 March 2026; it campaigns for mass deportations, stands to the right of Reform UK, and is backed by Elon Musk.
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
The Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1740–1757) was a Mon kingdom that ruled Lower Burma after a 1740 uprising at Pegu restored the old Hanthawaddy kingdom, until Alaungpaya's conquest ended it.